- 1. Extraction, Characterization, Stability and Biological Activity of Flavonoids Isolated from Chamomile Flowers.
Dried flowers of Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) are largely used for their medicinal properties. In the present study, we examined the pharmacological properties of aqueous and methanolic fraction isolated from two varieties of German chamomile. HPLC-MS analysis of chamomile extract confirmed apigenin-7-O-glucoside as the major constituent of chamomile; some minor glycoside components were observed along with essential oils. These glucosides are highly stable in solution at different temperature range and their degradation occurs after long-term storage and extraction conditions at different pH and solvent. Methanolic fraction isolated from chamomile flowers demonstrated higher biologic response in inhibiting cell growth and causing induction of apoptosis in various human cancer cell lines compared to aqueous chamomile fraction. Apigenin glucosides inhibited cancer cell growth through deconjugation of glycosides that occurs in the cellular compartment to produce aglycone, apigenin. Taken together, the pharmacological profile of chamomile extract was dependent upon extraction process, storage conditions which affected the biological activity....(more)
Srivastava JK, et al. Mol Cell Pharmacol 2009 Jan 1;1(3):138.
Related Products: Chamomile Extract
- 2. An experimental study of the effects of Matricaria chamomilla extract on cutaneous burn wound healing in albino rats.
Previous studies conducted on the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant effects of Matricaria chamomilla (chamomile) extract led us to study the effect of topical chamomile extract on burn wound healing in albino rats. Thirty male albino rats (250-300 g) were randomly divided into three groups, as control, vehicle, and treatment. Second-degree burning was induced in 20% of whole surface area of animal body by placing the back of animal into boiling water for 8s. Animals of control group received no treatment. Animals of vehicle and treatment groups were treated topically by olive oil and extract dissolved in olive oil twice a day respectively from the first day of burn induction to complete wound healing. The percentage of wound healing was calculated weekly. The results showed that there was significant difference (p < 0.05) between vehicle and treatment groups. So we concluded that the chamomile extract in the form of rubbing oil had a good potential for acceleration of burn wound healing in rats....(more)
Jarrahi M. Nat Prod Res 2008 Mar 20;22(5):422-7.
Related Products: Chamomile Extract
- 3. [Advances on the effects of the compounds of a phytotherapic agent (COLIMIL) on upper gastrointestinal transit in mice].
AIM:
Phytotherapic agents, such as herbal formulations containing Matricariae recutita flowers (chamomile) extract, Foeniculum vulgare fruit (fennel) extract and Melissa officinalis aerial parts (lemon balm) extract have beneficial effects on gastrointestinal tract in colicky infants. However, the mechanism is largely unexplored and, particularly, it is not clear if it affects intestinal motility. The aim of this experimental study was to evaluate the effect of different herbal formulations containing Matricariae recutita extract, Foeniculum vulgare extract and Melissa officinalis extract on upper gastrointestinal transit in mice in vivo.
METHODS:
Gastrointestinal transit was measured in male ICR mice and in croton oil-treated mice after the oral administration of herbal formulations containing chamomile, fennel and lemon balm (ColiMil) and chamomile and lemon balm (ColiMil experimental).
RESULTS:
The herbal formulations tested (0.4-0.8 mL/mouse) dose-dependently and significantly inhibited gastrointestinal transit both in control and in croton oil-treated mice. Chamomile extract and lemon balm extract reduced significantly intestinal motility, but not fennel. At similar concentration ColiMil evoked a more consistent response than ColiMil experimental.
CONCLUSION:
Our findings directly demonstrate in vivo the effect of a combination of herbal formulations on intestinal motility. The observed inhibitory effect might be studied with clinical studies to test the efficacy of these compounds in the treatment of colicky infants....(more)
Savino F, et al. Minerva Pediatr 2008 Jun;60(3):285-90. Italian.
Related Products: Chamomile Extract
- 4. The effects of commercial preparations of herbal supplements commonly used by women on the biotransformation of fluorogenic substrates by human cytochromes P450.
The study set out to determine the potential for commercially available preparations of black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), chaste tree berry (Vitex agnus-castus), crampbark (Viburnum opulus) and false unicorn (Chamaelirium luteum) to inhibit the major human drug metabolizing enzymes CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 as well as CYP1A1 which activates some carcinogens. In vitro microplate-based assays using cDNA-expressed CYP450 isoforms and fluorogenic substrates were used. Components of the commercial herbal preparations interfered with the assays and limited the concentration ranges that could be tested. Nevertheless, the fluorogenic assays were robust, reproducible and easy to perform and thus are still useful for initial screening for potential herb-drug interactions. None of the preparations affected CYPs 1A1 or 2C9 at the concentrations tested but all preparations inhibited some of the enzymes with potencies around 1 μg/mL. The three most potent interactions were: chaste tree berry and CYP2C19 (IC) 0.22 μg/mL); chaste tree berry and CYP3A4 (IC) 0.3 μg/mL); black cohosh and CYP2C19 (IC) 0.37 μg/mL,). Thus, the study successfully identified the potential for the commercial herbal preparations to inhibit human drug metabolizing enzymes. Whether this potential translates into clinically significant herb-drug interactions can only be confirmed by appropriate in vivo studies.
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Ho SH, et al. Phytother Res 2011 Jul;25(7):983-9.
Related Products: Chaste Berry Extract
- 5. Effects of a combination of Hypericum perforatum and Vitex agnus-castus on PMS-like symptoms in late-perimenopausal women: findings from a subpopulation analysis.
BACKGROUND:
It has been suggested that some of the symptoms typically attributed to menopause may be more related to premenstrual syndrome (PMS) than menopause, as perimenopausal women appear to be more prone to PMS-like symptoms, or at least to tolerate them less well.
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a phytotherapeutic intervention comprising a combination of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) and Vitex agnus-castus (chaste tree/berry) in the management of PMS-like symptoms in perimenopausal women.
DESIGN:
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled parallel trial was conducted over 16 weeks on menopause-related symptoms. Data on PMS-like symptoms were collected at 4-weekly intervals from a small subgroup of late-perimenopausal women (n = 14) participating in this study. The primary endpoint was PMS scores measured on the Abrahams Menstrual Symptoms Questionnaire, comprising the subclusters of PMS-A (anxiety), PMS-D (depression), PMS-H (hydration), and PMS-C (cravings). Herbal combination therapy or placebo tablets were administered twice daily.
RESULTS:
At the end of the 16-week treatment phase, analyses of covariance showed the herbal combination to be superior to placebo for total PMS-like scores (p = 0.02), PMS-D (p = 0.006), and PMS-C clusters (p = 0.027). The active treatment group also showed significant reductions in the anxiety (p = 0.003) and hydration (p = 0.002) clusters, using paired-samples t tests. Results of trend analyses showed significant treatment group effects across the five phases for total PMS and all subscales, all in the clinically expected direction. No significant trends were evident in the placebo group.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest a potentially significant clinical application for this phytotherapeutic combination in PMS-like symptoms among perimenopausal women. Further research is warranted through a randomized, controlled trial dedicated to investigation of these symptoms....(more)
van Die MD, et al. J Altern Complement Med 2009 Sep;15(9):1045-8.
Related Products: Chaste Berry Extract
- 6. Vitex agnus-castus (Chaste-Tree/Berry) in the treatment of menopause-related complaints.
BACKGROUND:
The origin of the current practice of administering Vitex agnus-castus in menopause-related complaints is uncertain, but appears to be relatively recent. Here we review the evidence for this application of Vitex based on evidence from pharmacological studies and clinical research.
METHODS:
The mechanisms of potential relevance in the context of menopause are explored with reference to the current understanding of the endocrinology and neuroendocrinology of menopause and associated symptoms.
CONCLUSIONS:
We conclude that, while evidence from rigorous randomized controlled trials is lacking for the individual herb in this context, emerging pharmacological evidence supports a role for V. agnus-castus in the alleviation of menopausal symptoms and suggests that further investigation may be appropriate....(more)
van Die MD, et al. J Altern Complement Med 2009 Aug;15(8):853-62.
Related Products: Chaste Berry Extract
- 7. Hypericum perforatum with Vitex agnus-castus in menopausal symptoms: a randomized, controlled trial.
OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the effectiveness of a phytotherapeutic intervention comprising a combination of Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort) and Vitex agnus-castus (Chaste tree/berry) in the management of menopausal symptoms.
DESIGN:
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel trial was performed over 16 weeks in 100 eligible late-perimenopausal or postmenopausal women experiencing hot flushes and other menopausal symptoms. Herbal combination therapy or placebo tablets were administered twice daily. The primary endpoint was hot flush episodes. Secondary endpoints included Greene Climacteric Scale scores, Hamilton Depression Inventory scores, and Utian Quality of Life Scale scores.
RESULTS:
Ninety-three women completed the study. Data analysis on an intent-to-treat basis found no significant differences between the two groups for any of the endpoints. Analyses performed at interim data time points revealed no significant differences at week 4, 8, or 12 for daily weighted flushes or scores on the Greene Climacteric Scale or Hamilton Depression Inventory. However, significant improvements across the treatment phase were observed in both the placebo and active treatment groups for these endpoints. No significant change was found for either group on quality of life.
CONCLUSION:
The herbal combination of H. perforatum and V. agnus-castus was not found to be superior to placebo for the treatment of menopausal symptoms. The herbal combination was well tolerated with no significant adverse events noted in the short term. Robust findings from quality studies such as this are important for informing the community, healthcare providers, and regulatory authorities....(more)
van Die MD, et al. Menopause 2009 Jan-Feb;16(1):156-63.
Related Products: Chaste Berry Extract
- 8. Phyto-Female Complex for the relief of hot flushes, night sweats and quality of sleep: randomized, controlled, double-blind pilot study.
OBJECTIVE:
To determine the efficacy and safety of the herbal formula Phyto-Female Complex (SupHerb, Netanya, Israel; ingredients: standardized extracts of black cohosh, dong quai, milk thistle, red clover, American ginseng, chaste-tree berry) for the relief of menopausal symptoms.
METHODS:
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 50 healthy pre and postmenopausal women, aged 44-65 years, to whom oral Phyto-Female Complex or matched placebo was prescribed twice daily for 3 months. A structured questionnaire on the frequency and intensity of menopausal symptoms was administered weekly from one week before throughout the 3-month treatment period, followed by biochemical tests, breast check, and transvaginal ultrasonography.
RESULTS:
The women receiving Phyto-Female Complex reported a significantly superior mean reduction in menopausal symptoms than the placebo group. The effect of treatment improvements in menopausal symptoms increased over time; by 3 months there was a 73% decrease in hot flushes and a 69% reduction of night sweats, accompanied by a decrease in their intensity and a significant benefit in terms of sleep quality. Hot flushes ceased completely in 47% of women in the study group compared with only 19% in the placebo group. There were no changes in findings on vaginal ultrasonography or levels of relevant hormones (estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone), liver enzymes or thyroid-stimulating hormone in either group.
CONCLUSION:
Phyto-Female Complex is safe and effective for the relief of hot flushes and sleep disturbances in pre- and postmenopausal women, at least for 3 months' use....(more)
Rotem C, et al. Gynecol Endocrinol 2007 Feb;23(2):117-22.
Related Products: Chaste Berry Extract
- 9. Phase 1, placebo-controlled, dose escalation trial of chicory root extract in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee.
BACKGROUND:
Extracts of chicory root have anti-inflammatory properties in vitro and in animal models of arthritis. The primary objective of this investigator-initiated, Phase 1, placebo-controlled, double blind, dose-escalating trial was to determine the safety and tolerability of a proprietary bioactive extract of chicory root in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). Secondary objectives were to assess effects on the signs and symptoms of this disorder.
METHODS:
Individuals greater than 50 years of age with OA of the hip or knee were eligible for trial entry. A total of 40 patients were enrolled in 3 cohorts and were treated with escalating chicory doses of 600 mg/day, 1200 mg/day and 1800 mg/day for 1 month. The ratio of active treatment to placebo was 5:3 in cohorts 1 and 2 (8 patients) each and 16:8 in cohort 3 (24 patients). Safety evaluations included measurement of vital signs and routine lab tests at baseline and the end of the treatment period. Efficacy evaluations at baseline and final visits included self-assessment questionnaires and measurement of the 25-foot walking time.
RESULTS:
In the highest dose cohort, 18 patients who completed treatment per protocol were analyzed for efficacy. In this group, 13 patients showed at least 20% improvement in the defined response domains of pain, stiffness and global assessment: 9 of 10 (90%) patients randomized to active treatment with chicory and 4 of 8 (50%) patients randomized to placebo (P = 0.06). In general, the treatment was well-tolerated. Only one patient who was treated with the highest dose of chicory had to discontinue treatment due to an adverse event.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results of this pilot study suggest that a proprietary bioactive extract of chicory root has a potential role in the management of OA and merits further investigation. Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT 01010919....(more)
Olsen NJ, et al. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2010 Jul 9;11:156.
Related Products: Chicory Root Extract
- 10. Toxicological evaluation of a chicory root extract.
An Ames test and a 28-day sub-chronic toxicity study in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were conducted to evaluate the safety of a chicory root extract being investigated as a therapeutic for inflammation. Chicory extract had no mutagenic activity in the Ames test although it was cytotoxic to certain strains of Salmonella at higher doses with and without metabolic activation. For the 28-day rat study, measurements included clinical observations, body weights, food consumption, clinical pathology, gross necropsy and histology. There were no treatment-related toxic effects from chicory extract administered orally at 70, 350, or 1000 mg/kg/day. Since there were no observed adverse effects of chicory extract in these studies, the NOAEL for the extract is 1000 mg/kg/g administered orally for 28 days....(more)
Schmidt BM, et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2007 Jul;45(7):1131-9.
Related Products: Chicory Root Extract
- 11. Tachykinin (NK1, NK2 and NK3) receptor, transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and early transcription factor, cFOS, mRNA expression in rat tissues following systemic capsaicin treatment.
Capsaicin, the pungent component of chilli pepper, stimulates TRPV1-expressing cells which are followed by desensitisation to subsequent exposure to capsaicin and other TRPV1 activators. At high systemic doses (>125mg/kg), capsaicin produces long-term changes in both tachykinin receptor and TRPV1 expression and function in rats. However, whether desensitising (low) doses of capsaicin (~50mg/kg) affect tachykinin receptor and TRPV1 gene expression in the short term has yet to be investigated. The aim of the present study was to compare tachykinin receptor (NK1, NK2 and NK3) and TRPV1 mRNA expression 24h after administration of capsaicin (50mg/kgs.c.). Tachykinin receptor and TRPV1 mRNA were detected in all tissues studied with expression levels differing by up to 2500-fold between tissues. The highest expression of TRPV1 and NK1 mRNA was observed in the salivary gland, whereas NK2 mRNA expression was highest in the urinary bladder and NK3 mRNA expression in the frontal cortex. In the cervical spinal cord of rats treated with capsaicin, NK1 and NK3 mRNA expression were reduced by 56% and 80%, respectively (P<0.05), whereas NK2 and TRPV1 mRNA expression were increased 2.2- and 1.4-fold, respectively (P<0.05). NK1 and NK2 mRNA expression were decreased (P<0.05) in the urinary bladder and gastric fundus, respectively, following capsaicin treatment. There was a marked 100-fold increase in cFOS mRNA expression and 100-fold decrease in NK2 mRNA expression in the whole blood of capsaicin-treated rats. In conclusion, these studies show that tachykinin receptor and TRPV1 mRNA expression undergo significant changes within 24h of systemic low-dose capsaicin administration.
Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved....(more)
Kunde DA, et al. Regul Pept 2013 Mar 13;183C:35-41.
Related Products: Chilli Pepper Extract
- 12. Dietary agonists of TRPV1 inhibit gastric acid secretion in mice.
Capsaicin and 6-gingerol, pungent components of chilli pepper and ginger, are known as dietary agonists of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1. Transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 nerve fibers are recognized to play a role in gastric mucosal integrity in rats. In the present studies, we examined the acute effects of peroral administration of capsaicin and 6-gingerol on gastric acid secretion in conscious mice. These agents were given p.o. 30 min before the pylorus was ligated. Oral administration of capsaicin (1.0-100 mg/kg) or 6-gingerol (1.5-50 mg/kg) significantly and dose-dependently inhibited basal acid secretion. Pretreatment with BCTC, a transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 antagonist, significantly reversed the reduced basal acid secretion by capsaicin or 6-gingerol. The combination of the lowest doses of capsaicin and 6-gingerol markedly inhibited basal acid secretion in conscious mice and this was also significantly reversed by BCTC. Moreover, the combination of the maximal dose of capsaicin and 6-gingerol inhibited basal acid secretion only to the level of a single administration of the maximal dose of capsaicin. These results suggest that the combination of capsaicin and 6-gingerol has an additive effect on the inhibition of gastric acid secretion through activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1. In separate experiments, intraduodenal administration of either capsaicin (30 mg/kg) or 6-gingerol (15 mg/kg), whose doses were observed to have a significant inhibitory effect by oral administration, tended to inhibit basal acid secretion compared with the vehicle. These results suggest that the combination of capsaicin and 6-gingerol has an additive effect on inhibition of gastric acid secretion through activation of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1, and oral administration of transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 agonists directly stimulates transient receptor potential vanilloid-1 in the gastric lumen, resulting in a potent reduction of gastric acid secretion.
Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York....(more)
Okumi H, et al. Planta Med 2012 Nov;78(17):1801-6.
Related Products: Chilli Pepper Extract
- 13. The optimization of regeneration tissue culture system of three chilli peppers cultivars based on the uniform design and the mathematical model equation.
Using uniform random design optimization and the mathematical model equation we optimized the regeneration tissue culture system of the chilli pepper. An efficient and detailed plant reproducible protocol in vitro has been established using different explants and induction media for three chilli pepper cultivars. The result displayed that the seedlings at the curved hypocotyl stage were the best choice to prepare for explants, the genotype of explants affected shoot buds induction frequency and number of shoot buds per explant, and the cotyledon explant was more responsive than hypocotyl explant. The optimal media for maximum shoot initiation and regeneration and the optimal elongation medium were obtained. For Capsicum annuum var. annuum (cv. Xinsu), Capsicum annuum var. annuum (cv. Neimengchifeng) and Capsicum frutescens (cv. Xingfu), the induction rates were 99.17%, 97.50 and 96.11%, respectively; the elongation rates of shoot buds were 86.67%, 85.19% and 82.96%, respectively. The MS medium with 0.57 μM IAA and 0.69 μM NAA is the best choice for root induction. The frequency of their root emergence was 95.00-98.33%. Regenerated chilli peppers were successfully acclimatized and cultivated with 100% survival. This work will help to improve multiplication process and the genotype of chilli pepper, and may have commercial impact....(more)
Hu T, et al. Acta Biol Hung 2012 Sep;63(3):372-88.
Related Products: Chilli Pepper Extract
- 14. Molecularly imprinted polymer coated solid-phase microextraction fiber prepared by surface reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization for monitoring of Sudan dyes in chilli tomato sauce and chilli pepper samples.
Surface reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method was firstly applied to the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) coated silicon solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers. With Sudan I as template, an ultra-thin MIP coating with about 0.55-μm thickness was obtained with homogeneous structure and controlled composition, due to the controllable radical growing and chain propagation in surface RAFT polymerization. The MIP-coated fibers were found with enhanced selectivity coefficients (3.0-6.5) to Sudan I-IV dyes in contrast with those reported in our previous work. Furthermore, the ultra-thin thickness of MIP coating was helpful to the effective elution of template and fast adsorption/desorption kinetics, so only about 18 min was needed for MIP-coated SPME operation. The detection limits of 21-55 ng L(-1) were achieved for four Sudan dyes, when MIP-coated SPME was coupled with liquid chromatography (LC) and mass spectrometry (MS) detection. The MIP-coated SPME-LC-MS/MS method was tested for the monitoring of ultra trace Sudan dyes in spiked chilli tomato sauce and chilli pepper samples, and high enrichment effect, remarkable matrix peaks-removing capability, and consequent high sensitivities were achieved to four Sudan dyes.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved....(more)
Hu X, et al. Anal Chim Acta 2012 Jun 20;731:40-8.
Related Products: Chilli Pepper Extract
- 15. The oomycete broad-host-range pathogen Phytophthora capsici.
Phytophthora capsici is a highly dynamic and destructive pathogen of vegetables. It attacks all cucurbits, pepper, tomato and eggplant, and, more recently, snap and lima beans. The disease incidence and severity have increased significantly in recent decades and the molecular resources to study this pathogen are growing and now include a reference genome. At the population level, the epidemiology varies according to the geographical location, with populations in South America dominated by clonal reproduction, and populations in the USA and South Africa composed of many unique genotypes in which sexual reproduction is common. Just as the impact of crop loss as a result of P. capsici has increased in recent decades, there has been a similar increase in the development of new tools and resources to study this devastating pathogen. Phytophthora capsici presents an attractive model for understanding broad-host-range oomycetes, the impact of sexual recombination in field populations and the basic mechanisms of Phytophthora virulence.
TAXONOMY:
Kingdom Chromista; Phylum Oomycota; Class Oomycetes; Order Peronosporales; Family Peronosporaceae; Genus Phytophthora; Species capsici.
DISEASE SYMPTOMS:
Symptoms vary considerably according to the host, plant part infected and environmental conditions. For example, in dry areas (e.g. southwestern USA and southern France), infection on tomato and bell or chilli pepper is generally on the roots and crown, and the infected plants have a distinctive black/brown lesion visible at the soil line (Fig. 1). In areas in which rainfall is more common (e.g. eastern USA), all parts of the plant are infected, including the roots, crown, foliage and fruit (Fig. 1). Root infections cause damping off in seedlings, whereas, in older plants, it is common to see stunted growth, wilting and, eventually, death. For tomatoes, it is common to see significant adventitious root growth just above an infected tap root, and the stunted plants, although severely compromised, may not die. For many cucurbit fruit, the expanding lesions produce fresh sporangia over days (or even weeks depending on the size of the fruit) and the fruit often look as if they have been dipped in white powdered confectioner's sugar (Fig. 1). Generally, hyphae do not emerge from infected plants or fruit (common with Pythium infections) and all that is visible on the surface of an infected plant is sporangia.
IMPORTANCE:
Phytophthora capsici presents an oomycete worst-case scenario to growers as it has a broad host range, often produces long-lived dormant sexual spores, has extensive genotypic diversity and has an explosive asexual disease cycle. It is becoming increasingly apparent that novel control strategies are needed to safeguard food production from P. capsici and other oomycetes. Considering that P. capsici is easy to grow, mate and manipulate in the laboratory and infects many plant species, this pathogen is a robust model for investigations, particularly those related to sexual reproduction, host range and virulence.
USEFUL WEBSITES:
Phytophthora capsici genome database: http://genome.jgi-psf.org/Phyca11/Phyca11.home.html. Molecular tools to identify Phytophthora isolates: http://phytophthora-id.org.
© 2011 THE AUTHORS. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY © 2011 BSPP AND BLACKWELL PUBLISHING LTD....(more)
Lamour KH, et al. Mol Plant Pathol 2012 May;13(4):329-37.
Related Products: Chilli Pepper Extract
- 16. Nigerian foodstuffs with prostate cancer chemopreventive polyphenols.
Dietary polyphenols are antioxidants that can scavenge biological free radicals, and chemoprevent diseases with biological oxidation as their main etiological factor. In this paper, we review our laboratory data vis--vis available literature on prostate cancer chemopreventive substances in Nigerian foodstuffs. Dacryodes edulis fruit, Moringa oleifera and Syzygium aromaticum contained prostate active polyphenols like ellagic acid, gallate, methylgallate, catechol, kaempferol quercetin and their derivatives. Also Canarium schweinfurthii Engl oil contained ten phenolic compounds and lignans, namely; catechol, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde, dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, tyrosol, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, dihydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, phloretic acid, pinoresinol, secoisolariciresinol. In addition, tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) which contains the powerful antioxidant and anti-prostate cancer agent, lycopene; cabbage (Brassica oleracea) containing indole-3-carbinol; citrus fruits containing pectin; Soursop (Annona muricata) containing annonaceous acetogenins; soya beans (Glycine max) containing isoflavones; chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum) containing capsaicin, and green tea (Camellia sinensis) containing (-) epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), (-) epicatechin, (-) epicatechin-3-gallate and (-) epigallocatechin -3-gallate which are widely reported to posses prostate cancer chemopreventive compounds are also grown in Nigeria and other African countries. Thus, the high incidence of prostate cancer among males of African extraction can be dramatically reduced, and the age of onset drastically increased, if the population at risk consumes the right kinds of foods in the right proportion, beginning early in life, especially as prostate cancer has a latency period of about 50 years....(more)
Atawodi SE. Infect Agent Cancer 2011 Sep 23;6 Suppl 2:S9.
Related Products: Chilli Pepper Extract
- 17. Capsaicin. Neuropathic pain: playing with fire....
5% lidocaine medicated plasters are available for local treatment of neuropathic pain. Treatment is generally poorly effective but has few adverse effects, other than local erythema. Capsaicin is a natural chilli pepper extract that depletes sensory nerve endings of substance P, a pain neurotransmitter. It is authorised in the European Union for the treatment of nondiabetic neuropathic pain, in the form of cutaneous patches containing 8% capsaicin. Clinical evaluation of capsaicin patches does not include any trials versus lidocaine plasters. Eight double-blind trials have compared 8% capsaicin patches versus 0.04% capsaicin patches, 5 in postherpetic neuralgia, and 3 in HIV-related neuropathic pain. These trials are only vaguely described in the European Medicines Agency report. Taken separately, they yielded divergent results. It was only when some of the trials were pooled for analysis that any differences emerged between the two doses of capsaicin. The clinical implications are unclear, but efficacy is at best modest. Capsaicin is an irritant that frequently provokes pain and erythema at the site of patch application, and 3% of patients using the patches experienced transient arterial hypertension that the investigators attributed to this pain. Some pharmacological data suggest that repeated application of 8% capsaicin patches might provoke painful nerve damage in the long-term. Patch application and removal by a third party is delicate, due to the strong irritant potential of capsaicin. In practice, when a patient with neuropathic pain requires local treatment, in the absence of a better alternative, it is better to use lidocaine plasters, which are better tolerated and with which we have more experience....(more)
[No authors listed] Prescrire Int 2010 Aug;19(108):153-5.
Related Products: Chilli Pepper Extract
- 18. Human models of hyperalgesia and pain (chilli pepper with your acid indigestion, Sir?).
Related Products: Chilli Pepper Extract
- 19. Tomato yellow leaf curl viruses: ménage à trois between the virus complex, the plant and the whitefly vector.
Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating viral diseases affecting tomato crops in tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of the world. Here, we focus on the interactions through recombination between the different begomovirus species causing TYLCD, provide an overview of the interactions with the cellular genes involved in viral replication, and highlight recent progress on the relationships between these viruses and their vector, the whitefly Bemisia tabaci.
TAXONOMY:
The tomato yellow leaf curl virus-like viruses (TYLCVs) are a complex of begomoviruses (family Geminiviridae, genus Begomovirus) including 10 accepted species: Tomato yellow leaf curl Axarquia virus (TYLCAxV), Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus (TYLCCNV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Guangdong virus (TYLCGuV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus (TYLCIDV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Kanchanaburi virus (TYLVKaV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Malaga virus (TYLCMalV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Mali virus (TYLCMLV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Thailand virus (TYLCTHV), Tomato yellow leaf curl Vietnam virus (TYLCVNV) and Tomato yellow leaf curl virus(TYLCV). We follow the species demarcation criteria of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), the most important of which is an 89% nucleotide identity threshold between full-length DNA-A component nucleotide sequences for begomovirus species. Strains of a species are defined by a 93% nucleotide identity threshold.
HOST RANGE:
The primary host of TYLCVs is tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but they can also naturally infect other crops [common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), chilli pepper (C. chinense) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)], a number of ornamentals [petunia (Petuniaxhybrida) and lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflora)], as well as common weeds (Solanum nigrum and Datura stramonium). TYLCVs also infect the experimental host Nicotiana benthamiana.
DISEASE SYMPTOMS:
Infected tomato plants are stunted or dwarfed, with leaflets rolled upwards and inwards; young leaves are slightly chlorotic; in recently infected plants, fruits might not be produced or, if produced, are small and unmarketable. In common bean, some TYLCVs produce the bean leaf crumple disease, with thickening, epinasty, crumpling, blade reduction and upward curling of leaves, as well as abnormal shoot proliferation and internode reduction; the very small leaves result in a bushy appearance....(more)
Díaz-Pendón JA, et al. Mol Plant Pathol 2010 Jul;11(4):441-50.
Related Products: Chilli Pepper Extract
- 20. The effects of maturity on chilli pepper volatile components determined by SDE, GC-MS and HPLC.
The volatile components of a Chinese chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. longum Sendt) were identified at different levels of ripeness. The peppers at the green, ripening, and full color stages were investigated by simultaneous distillation extraction (SDE) combined with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to analyze the main factors at each of the stages studied. Eighty-one volatile components were identified and quantified in this study. Twenty-two compounds were found at the green stage, forty-four at the ripening stage, and sixty-one at the full color stage. Qualitative and quantitative discrepancies were observed at the different levels of ripeness. Hexanal, 2-hexenal and propanoic acid-2-methyl-hexyl ester were the most abundant components at the green stage, while 2-pentanol was important at the ripening stage, and 3-hexen-1-ol was related to the full color stage....(more)
Liu R, et al. Nat Prod Commun 2010 Jun;5(6):985-90.
Related Products: Chilli Pepper Extract
- 21. Preparative isolation and purification of seven main antioxidants from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (Du-zhong) leaves using HSCCC guided by DPPH-HPLC experiment.
Seven antioxidants were purified from Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. leaves using HSCCC guided by DPPH-HPLC experiment. HSCCC was successfully used to separate target antioxidants by three runs with different solvent systems after D101 column chromatography fractionation. Ethyl acetate-n-butanol-water (1:2:3, v/v/v) was selected as the optimum solvent system to purify geniposidic acid. Ethyl acetate-ethanol-water (4:1:5, v/v/v) was used to isolate caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid. While three flavonoids, quercetin-3-O-sambubioside, rutin and isoquercitrin were purified by petroleum ether-ethyl acetate-methanol-water (1:5:1:5, v/v/v/v). The structures were identified by MS and NMR. Antioxidant activities were assessed, and compounds 2-7 showed strong antioxidant activities. This is the first report about separation of antioxidants from E. ulmoides leaves by HSCCC. The results indicated that the combinative methods using DPPH-HPLC and HSCCC could be widely applied for screening and isolation of antioxidants from complex extracts....(more)
Dai X, et al. Food Chem 2013 Aug 15;139(1-4):563-70.
Related Products: Chlorogenic Acid
- 22. Inhibitory effects of water extract of Flos Inulae on mutation and tyrosinase.
In this study, the effects of a water extract of Flos Inulae (WFI) on antioxidant, antimutation and antityrosinase were investigated. The results showed that WFI inhibited the mutagenicity of 2-aminoanthracene (2-AA), an indirect mutagen; and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide (4-NQO), a direct mutagen toward Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100. In addition, WFI, in the range of 0.2-0.6mg/ml, showed radical scavenging, reducing activities and chelating activity as well as decreased lipid oxidative damage. Meanwhile, WFI also inhibited tyrosinase activity and NO generation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated macrophages. High performance liquid chromatography analysis suggests that the major phenolic constituents in WFI are chlorogenic acid, rutin, quercetin, luteolin and kaempferol. These bioactive components may contribute to the protective effects of WFI. The obtained data suggests that Flos Inulae can be applied to antimutation, antityrosinase and anti-inflammation....(more)
Huang MH, et al. Food Chem 2013 Aug 15;139(1-4):1015-20.
Related Products: Chlorogenic Acid
- 23. Diversity of (dihydro) hydroxycinnamic acid conjugates in Colombian potato tubers.
In potato tuber, caffeic acid (the predominant hydroxycinnamic acid (HCA)), its conjugates (HCAcs; i.e. chlorogenic acid (ChA), crypto-ChA, and neo-ChA), and anthocyanin-linked HCAs have been extensively described in the literature. In contrast, only little information is available on the occurrence of other HCAcs and didydrohydroxycinnamic acid conjugates (DHCAcs). Fifteen Colombian potato cultivars were screened for these less commonly described conjugates by reversed-phase ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and a heated electrospray ionisation mass spectrometer. A total of 62 HCAs/HCAcs/DHCAcs were found in extracts from peel and flesh. Among them, only twelve compounds were common to all cultivars in both peel and flesh. The less commonly described compounds accounted for 7.1-20.1% w/w of the total amount of HCAs/HCAcs/DHCAcs in whole tubers, highlighting their contribution to the total phenolic profile of potato tubers. Among all cultivars, the abundance (mg/100g DW whole tuber) of neo-ChA (0.8-7.4) ranged in similar quantities as the less commonly reported feruloyl octopamine (1.2-5.2), 5-O-feruloyl quinic acid (0.1-7.5), cis-ChA (1.1-2.2), caffeoyl putrescine (0.6-2.5), sinapoyl hexose (0.1-1.8), N(1),N(14)-bis-(dihydrocaffeoyl) spermine (0.2-1.7), N(1),N(10)-bis-(dihydrocaffeoyl) spermidine (1.1-2.6), and N(1),N(5),N(14)-tris-(dihydrocaffeoyl) spermine (trace - 11.1)....(more)
Narváez-Cuenca CE, et al. Food Chem 2013 Aug 15;139(1-4):1087-97.
Related Products: Chlorogenic Acid
- 24. Effect of Topical Application of Chlorogenic Acid on Excision Wound Healing in Rats.
This study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic effects of topical chlorogenic acid on excision wounds in Wistar rats. A 1 % (w/w) chlorogenic acid or silver sulfadiazine ointment was applied topically once a day for 15 days on full-thickness excision wounds created on rats. The 1 % (w/w) chlorogenic acid ointment had potent wound healing capacity as evident from the wound contraction on the 15th post-surgery day, which was similar to that produced by 1 % (w/w) silver sulfadiazine ointment. Increased rates of epithelialization were observed in the treated rats. It also improved cellular proliferation, increased tumor necrosis factor-α levels during the inflammatory phase (12 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h post-wounding) of wound healing, upregulated transforming growth factor-β1 and elevated collagen IV synthesis in the chlorogenic acid-treated group. The results also indicated that chlorogenic acid possesses potent antioxidant activity by increasing superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione, and decreasing lipid peroxidation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate that topical application of chlorogenic acid can accelerate the process of excision wound healing by its ability to increase collagen synthesis through upregulation of key players such as tumor necrosis factor-α and transforming growth factor-β1 in different phases of wound healing as well as by its antioxidant potential....(more)
Chen WC, et al. Planta Med 2013 Apr 8.
Related Products: Chlorogenic Acid
- 25. An important Indian traditional drug of ayurveda jatamansi and its substitute bhootkeshi: chemical profiling and antioxidant activity.
Nardostachys jatamansi DC. and Selinum vaginatum (Edgew) Cl. are two endemic high altitude Indian medicinal plants that have been traditionally known as "Jatamansi" and "Bhootkeshi," respectively. These are used in various traditional herbal formulations and nutraceuticals, as well as to treat neurological disorders like epilepsy, hysteria, syncope, convulsions, and mental weakness. They resemble each other in their external morphological characters and characteristic odour, so their roots are often confused with each other. Since free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a considerable range of neurological disorders, including seizures and epilepsy, analysis of these two important medicinal plants was carried out based on their antioxidant activities and phenolic profiles. N. jatamansi expressed better antioxidant activity with both DPPH and TAC methods. Strong correlation was seen between TPC and antioxidant activities. Phenolic compounds such as chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, protocatechuic acid, and syringic acid were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively in the methanol extracts of N. jatamansi and S. vaginatum by HPLC. N. jatamansi was found to contain only protocatechuic and syringic acids while chlorogenic and ferulic acids were present only in S. vaginatum. The studies suggest that both of the plants exhibit distinctive properties and that their similar therapeutic uses may be dependent on synergistic effects exhibited by the different compounds present in them....(more)
Pandey MM, et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:142517.
Related Products: Chlorogenic Acid
- 26. Chlorogenic Acid decreases retinal vascular hyperpermeability in diabetic rat model.
To evaluate the effect of chlorogenic acid (CGA), a polyphenol abundant in coffee, on retinal vascular leakage in the rat model of diabetic retinopathy, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups: controls, streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and diabetic rats treated with 10 and 20 mg/kg chlorogenic acid intraperitoneally daily for 14 days, respectively. Blood-retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown was evaluated using FITC-dextran. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) distribution and expression level was evaluated with immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. Expression of tight junction proteins, occludin and claudin-5, and zonula occludens protein, ZO-1 was also evaluated with immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis. BRB breakdown and increased vascular leakage was found in diabetic rats, with increased VEGF expression and down-regulation of occludin, claudin-5, and ZO-1. CGA treatment effectively preserved the expression of occludin, and decreased VEGF levels, leading to less BRB breakdown and less vascular leakage. CGA may have a preventive role in BRB breakdown in diabetic retinopathy by preserving tight junction protein levels and low VEGF levels....(more)
Shin JY, et al. J Korean Med Sci 2013 Apr;28(4):608-13.
Related Products: Chlorogenic Acid
- 27. An eco-metabolomic study of host plant resistance to Western flower thrips in cultivated, biofortified and wild carrots.
Domestication of plants and selection for agronomic traits may reduce plant secondary defence metabolites relative to their ancestors. Carrot (Daucus carota L.) is an economically important vegetable. Recently, carrot was developed as a functional food with additional health-promoting functions. Biofortified carrots contain increased concentrations of chlorogenic acid as an antioxidant. Chlorogenic acid is involved in host plant resistance to Western Flower Thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis), one of the key agri- and horticultural pests worldwide. The objective of this study was to investigate quantitative host plant resistance to thrips in carrot and to identify candidate compounds for constitutive resistance. As such we explored whether cultivated carrot is more vulnerable to herbivore attack compared to wild carrot. We subjected a set of 14 biofortified, cultivated and wild carrot genotypes to thrips infestation. We compared morphological traits and leaf metabolic profiles of the three most resistant and susceptible carrots using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). In contrast to our expectation, wild carrots were not more resistant to thrips than cultivated ones. The most thrips resistant carrot was the cultivar Ingot which is known to be tolerant against carrot root fly (Psila rosae). Biofortified carrots were not resistant to thrips. Plant size, leaf area and number of leaf hairs did not differ between resistant and susceptible carrots. The metabolic profiles of the leaves of resistant carrots were significantly different from those of susceptible carrots. The leaves of resistant carrots contained higher amounts of the flavanoid luteolin, the phenylpropanoid sinapic acid and the amino acid β-alanine. The negative effect of these compounds on thrips was confirmed using in-vitro bioassays. Our results have potential implications for carrot breeders. The natural variation of metabolites present in cultivated carrots can be used for improvement of thrips resistance. This is especially promising in view of the candidate compounds we identified since they do not only confer a negative effect on thrips but as antioxidants also play an important role in the improvement of human health....(more)
Leiss KA, et al. Phytochemistry 2013 Apr 11.
Related Products: Chlorogenic Acid
- 28. Anti-inflammatory activity of Cymbopogon citratus leaves infusion via proteasome and nuclear factor-κB pathway inhibition: Contribution of chlorogenic acid.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf leaves infusion is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, however little is known about their bio-active compounds.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
Investigate the compounds responsible for anti-inflammatory potential of Cymbopogon citratus (Cy) on cytokines production induced by lipopolysaccharide in human and mouse macrophages, and the action mechanisms involved.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
An essential oil-free infusion of Cy was prepared and polyphenol-rich fractions (PFs) were obtained from it by column chromatography. Chlorogenic acid was identified, by HPLC/PDA/ESI-MS<sup>n</sup>. The expression of cytokines, namely TNF-α and CCL5, was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR, on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human macrophages. Activation of nuclear factor-κB, a master regulator of inflammation, was investigated by western blot and gene reporter assay. Proteasome activity was assessed using a fluorogenic peptide.
RESULTS:
Cymbopogon citratus extract and its polyphenols inhibited the cytokine production on human macrophages. This supports the anti-inflammatory activity of Cy polyphenols in physiologically relevant cells. Concerning the effect on the activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB pathway, the results pointed to an inhibition of LPS-induced NF-κB activation by Cy and PFs. Chlorogenic acid was identified, by HPLC/PDA/ESI-MS<sup>n</sup>, as the main phenolic acid of the Cy infusion, and it demonstrated to be, at least in part, responsible by that effect. Additionally, it was verified for the first time that Cy and PFs inhibited the proteasome activity, a complex that controls NF-κB activation, having CGA a strong contribution.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results evidenced, for the first time, the anti-inflammatory properties of Cymbopogon citratus through proteasome inhibition and, consequently NF-κB pathway and cytokine expression. Additionally, Cy polyphenols, in particular chlorogenic acid, were highlighted as bio-active compounds.
Copyright © 2013. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd....(more)
Francisco V, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2013 Apr 10.
Related Products: Chlorogenic Acid
- 29. Supplementation of a High-Fat Diet with Chlorogenic Acid Is Associated with Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Lipid Accumulation in Mice.
The increasing prevalence of the metabolic syndrome requires a greater need for therapeutic and prevention strategies. Higher coffee consumption is consistently associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in population studies. Dietary polyphenols have been linked to benefits on several features of the metabolic syndrome. Chlorogenic acid (CGA), a major component of coffee, is one of the most consumed polyphenols in the diet. In our study, we conducted a controlled dietary intervention over 12 weeks in male mice. There were three dietary groups: (i) normal diet, (ii) high-fat diet, and (iii) high-fat diet + CGA. We assessed the effect of CGA at a physiologically obtainable dose (1 g/kg of diet) on high-fat-diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and also fatty acid oxidation and insulin signaling in C57BL/6 male mice. Supplementation of CGA in the high-fat diet did not reduce body weight compared to mice fed the high-fat diet alone (p = 0.32). CGA resulted in increased insulin resistance compared to mice fed a high-fat diet only (p < 0.05). CGA resulted in decreased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) (p < 0.001) and acetyl carboxylase β (ACCβ), a downstream target of AMPK (p < 0.05), in liver. The liver of mice fed a high-fat diet supplemented with CGA had a higher lipid content (p < 0.05) and more steatosis relative to mice fed a high-fat diet only, indicating impaired fatty acid oxidation. This study suggests that CGA supplementation in a high-fat diet does not protect against features of the metabolic syndrome in diet-induced obese mice....(more)
Mubarak A, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2013 Apr 26.
Related Products: Chlorogenic Acid
- 30. Amelioration by chicory seed extract of diabetes- and oleic acid-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) via modulation of PPARα and SREBP-1.
We evaluated the effect of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) seed extract (CI) on hepatic steatosis caused by early and late stage diabetes in rats (in vivo), and induced in HepG2 cells (in vitro) by BSA-oleic acid complex (OA). Different dosages of CI (1.25, 2.5 and 5mg/ml) were applied along with OA (1mM) to HepG2 cells, simultaneously and non-simultaneously; and without OA to ordinary non-steatotic cells. Cellular lipid accumulation and glycerol release, and hepatic triglyceride (TG) content were measured. The expression levels of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) were determined. Liver samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Significant histological damage (steatosis-inflammation-fibrosis) to the cells and tissues and down-regulation of SREBP-1c and PPARα genes that followed steatosis induction were prevented by CI in simultaneous treatment. In non-simultaneous treatment, CI up-regulated the expression of both genes and restored the normal levels of the corresponding proteins; with a greater stimulating effect on PPARα, CI acted as a PPARα agonist. CI released glycerol from HepG2 cells, and targeted the first and the second hit phases of hepatic steatosis. A preliminary attempt to characterize CI showed caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and chicoric acid, among the constituents....(more)
Ziamajidi N, et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2013 Apr 18.
Related Products: Chlorogenic Acid
- 31. Alleviation of doxorubicin-induced nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity by chrysin in Wistar rats.
Abstract Objective: Doxorubicin (DXR) is an anticancer drug used in the treatment of many human malignancies. However, its clinical use is limited because of several side effects like cardiotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. In the present study, we investigated the protective efficacy of chrysin against DXR-induced oxidative stress, nephro- and hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats using biochemical and histopathological approaches. Methodology: Wistar rats were subjected to concomitant pre- and post-phylactic oral treatment of chrysin (40 and 80 mg/kg b.wt.) against nephro- and hepatotoxicity induced by single i.p. injection of DXR (40 mg/kg b.wt). Nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity were assessed by measuring the level of serum creatinine, BUN, AST, ALT and LDH. The level of antioxidant armory of kidney and liver tissue was also measured. Key findings: Treatment with chrysin significantly decreased the levels of serum toxicity markers and additionally elevated antioxidant defense enzyme levels. Histopathological changes further confirmed the biochemical results showing that DXR caused significant structural damage to kidney and liver tissue architecture which were reversed with chrysin. Conclusion: The results suggest that chrysin attenuated nephro and hepatic damage induced by DXR....(more)
Rashid S, et al. Toxicol Mech Methods 2013 Apr 19.
Related Products: Chrysin
- 32. The determination of phenolic profiles of Serbian unifloral honeys using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/high resolution accurate mass spectrometry.
Polyphenolic profiles of 44 unifloral Serbian honeys were analyzed using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with hybrid mass spectrometer which combines the Linear Trap Quadrupole (LTQ) and OrbiTrap mass analyzer. Rapid UHPLC method was developed in combination with a high sensitivity accurate mass scan and a simultaneous data dependent scan. The honey samples were of different botanical origin: acacia (Robinia pseudoacacia), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), linden (Tilia cordata), basil (Ocimum basilicum), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), oilseed rape (Brassica napus), and goldenrod (Solidago virgaurea). The presence of 43 compounds, mainly flavonoids, was proven in all honey samples by their characteristic mass spectra and fragmentation pattern. Relatively high amounts of chrysin, pinocembrin and galangin were identified in all honey extracts. p-Coumaric acid was not detected in basil, buckwheat and goldenrod honey extracts. A larger amount of gallic acid (max value 1.45 mg/kg) was found in the sunflower honey, while a larger amount of apigenin (0.97 mg/kg) was determined in the buckwheat honey in comparison with other honeys. The samples were classified according to the botanical origin using pattern recognition technique, Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The LTQ OrbiTrap technique was proven to be reliable for the unambiguous detection of phenolic acids, their derivatives, and flavonoid aglycones based on their molecular masses and fragmentation pattern....(more)
Ke?keš S, et al. Food Chem 2013 May 1;138(1):32-40.
Related Products: Chrysin
- 33. Chrysin and Luteolin Attenuate Diabetes-Induced Impairment in Endothelial-Dependent Relaxation: Effect on Lipid Profile, AGEs and NO Generation.
Chrysin and luteolin are two important plant flavonoids. In the present study, we hypothesized that they protect against deleterious vascular effects of diabetes. Diabetes was induced in rats by streptozotocin (STZ) injection, while chrysin and luteolin were administered two weeks after STZ administration for 6 weeks. Then, blood pressure (BP) and serum levels of glucose, advanced glycation end products (AGEs), triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) were determined. Concentration response curves for KCl, phenylephrine (PE), acetylcholine (ACh) and ACh-induced NO generation were obtained in isolated aorta. Compared with control, diabetes increased diastolic and systolic BP, while chrysin and luteolin attenuated diastolic BP elevation without affecting the developed hyperglycemia. Diabetes increased contractile response of aorta to KCl, PE, decreased relaxation response to ACh, while chrysin and luteolin prevented the impaired response to ACh. In addition, diabetes was accompanied by elevated levels of TGs, total and LDL cholesterol, while both chrysin and luteolin prevented this dyslipidemia. Furthermore, chrysin decreased the elevated AGEs level in serum of diabetic animals, while luteolin abrogated the impaired NO generation in diabetic aorta. Collectively, chrysin and luteolin attenuate diabetes-evoked impairment in endothelial-dependent relaxation possibly via ameliorating detrimental changes in lipid profile, AGEs and NO generation. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
El-Bassossy HM, et al. Phytother Res 2013 Jan 7.
Related Products: Chrysin
- 34. Bioactive microconstituents and antioxidant properties of wild edible mushrooms from the island of Lesvos, Greece.
Crude composition, fatty acids, sterols, total phenolic content (TPC), individual polyphenols and terpenic acids were determined in five wild edible mushrooms species (Lactarius deliciosus, Lactarius sanguifluus, Lactarius semisanguifluus, Russula delica, Suillus bellinii) from Lesvos Island, Greece. In addition, the DPPH scavenging capacity, the ferric ion reducing power (FRAP) and the ferrous ion chelating activity of mushroom methanolic extracts were assessed. Among sterols, ergosterol predominated at concentrations 9.2-18.0mg/100g fw. Total phenolic content of mushroom extracts ranged from 6.0 to 20.8mg GAE/100g fw. Up to 19 simple polyphenols were determined in mushrooms extracts, the more abundant being p-OH-benzoic acid, p-OH-phenylacetic acid, o-coumaric acid, ferulic acid and chrysin. In addition, the triterpenic acids oleanolic and ursolic were detected for the first time in mushrooms. All species exerted antioxidant activity and ferrous ion chelating capacity. Principal component analysis revealed good correlations between TPC, DPPH and FRAP but not with metal chelating activity. It seems that mushrooms polyphenols exert antiradical and reducing activities, but they are not strong metal chelators, the observed chelating ability being probably due to other classes of compounds. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the bioactive microconstituents and antioxidant activity of wild Greek edible mushrooms....(more)
Kalogeropoulos N, et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2013 May;55:378-85.
Related Products: Chrysin
- 35. Quercetin vs chrysin: Effect on liver histopathology in diabetic mice.
Effects of flavonoids quercetin and chrysin on lipid peroxidation and histopathological changes in liver of diabetic mice were studied and compared with the antioxidant and reducing ability of quercetin and chrysin and their ability to chelate Fe(2+) ions in vitro. Diabetes was induced in Swiss albino mice with a single intravenous injection of alloxan (75 mg kg(-1)). Two days after alloxan injection, flavonoid preparations (50 mg kg(-1) per day) were given intraperitoneally for 7 days in diabetic mice. The lipid peroxidation was evaluated by measuring the malondialdehyde production using the 2-thiobarbituric acid test. Administration of quercetin and chrysin to diabetic mice resulted in a significant decrease in lipid peroxidation level in liver tissue. Treatment of diabetic mice with flavonoids solutions results in decreased number of vacuolated cells and degree of vacuolization of the liver tissue. The protective role of flavonoids against the reactive oxygen species-induced damages in diabetic mice gives a hope that they may exert similar protective action in humans....(more)
Sirovina D, et al. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013 Jan 28.
Related Products: Chrysin