- 1. Identification of flavone glucuronide isomers by metal complexation and tandem mass spectrometry: regioselectivity of uridine 5'-diphosphate-glucuronosyltransferase isozymes in the biotransformation of flavones.
Flavone glucuronide isomers of five flavones (chrysin, apigenin, luteolin, baicalein, and scutellarein) were differentiated by collision-induced dissociation of [Co(II) (flavone-H) (4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline)(2)](+) complexes. The complexes were generated via postcolumn addition of a metal-ligand solution after separation of the glucuronide products generated upon incubation of each flavone with an array of uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isozymes. Elucidation of the glucuronide isomers allowed a systematic investigation of the regioselectivity of 12 human UGT isozymes, including 8 UGT1A and 4 UGT2B isozymes. Glucuronidation of the 7-OH position was the preferred site for all the flavones except for luteolin, which possessed adjacent hydroxyl groups on the B ring. For all flavones and UGT isozymes, glucuronidation of the 5-OH position was never observed. As confirmed by the metal complexation/MS/MS strategy, glucuronidation of the 6-OH position only occurred for baicalein and scutellarein when incubated with three of the UGT isozymes....(more)
Robotham SA, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2013 Feb 20;61(7):1457-63.
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- 2. Nocapyrones H-J, 3,6-Disubstituted α-Pyrones from the Marine Actinomycete Nocardiopsis sp. KMF-001.
Three new 3,6-disubstituted α-pyrones, nocapyrones H-J (1-3), were isolated from the marine actinomycete Nocardiopsis sp. KMF-001. Their structures were assigned to be 3-alkylated 6-(1-methyl-1-propenyl)-2H-pyran-2-ones on the basis of UV, MS, NMR, and high resolution (HR)-FAB-MS analyses. Nocapyrone H (1) reduced the pro-inflammatory factor such as nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Moreover, nocapyrone H showed 5.82% stronger inhibitory effect on NO production than chrysin at a concentration of 10 µm in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells....(more)
Kim MC, et al. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2013;61(5):511-5.
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- 3. Molecular mechanisms underlying the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of a flavonoid-rich ethanol extract from chinese propolis (poplar type).
China produces the greatest amount of propolis but there is still lack of basic studies on its pharmacological mechanisms. Our previous study found that ethanol extract from Chinese propolis (EECP) exerted excellent anti-inflammatory effects in vivo but mechanisms of action were elusive. To further clarify the possible mechanisms underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of Chinese propolis (poplar type), we utilized EECP to analyze its chemical composition and evaluated its potential anti-inflammatory effects in vitro. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) profile indicated that EECP contained abundant flavonoids, including rutin, myricetin, quercetin, kaempferol, apigenin, pinocembrin, chrysin, and galangin. Next we found that EECP could significantly inhibit the production of NO, IL-1β, and IL-6 in lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) stimulated RAW 264.7 cells and suppress mRNA expression of iNOS, IL-1β, and IL-6 in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that EECP could suppress the phosphorylation of IκBα and AP-1 but did not affect IκBα's degradation. In addition, using a reporter assay, we found that EECP could block the activation of NF-κB in TNF-α-stimulated HEK 293T cells. Our findings give new insights for understanding the mechanisms involved in the anti-inflammatory effects by Chinese propolis and provide additional references for using propolis in alternative and complementary therapies....(more)
Wang K, et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:127672.
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- 4. Regulation of the FOXO3a/Bim signaling pathway by 5,7-dihydroxy-8-nitrochrysin in MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cells.
We previously demonstrated that 5,7-dihydroxy-8-nitrochrysin (NOC), a novel synthetic chrysin analog, preferentially inhibits HER-2/neu-overexpressing MDA-MB-453 breast cancer cell growth by inducing apoptosis; however, the precise molecular mechanism was unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that NOC significantly induces apoptosis of MDA-MB-453 cells and that this is primarily mediated through a mitochondrial death cascade. This was presented as a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase-9. NOC induces a significant increase in levels of the BH3-only protein Bim. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Bim markedly attenuated NOC-induced apoptosis. An upstream transcriptional regulator of Bim, forkhead box O3a transcription factor (FOXO3a), experienced a decrease in phosphorylation and nuclear translocation. Silencing of FOXO3a resulted in a marked attenuation in the expression of Bim, as well as protection against NOC-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, NOC-induced activation and nuclear localization of FOXO3a was associated with reduced levels of Akt phosphorylation. These results suggest that NOC induces apoptosis in MDA-MB-453 human breast cancer cells via caspase activation and modulation of the Akt/FOXO3a pathway....(more)
Zhao XC, et al. Oncol Lett 2013 Mar;5(3):929-934.
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- 5. Predicting in silico which mixtures of the natural products of plants might most effectively kill human leukemia cells?
The aim of the analysis of just 13 natural products of plants was to predict the most likely effective artificial mixtures of 2-3 most effective natural products on leukemia cells from over 364 possible mixtures. The natural product selected included resveratrol, honokiol, chrysin, limonene, cholecalciferol, cerulenin, aloe emodin, and salicin and had over 600 potential protein targets. Target profiling used the Ontomine set of tools for literature searches of potential binding proteins, binding constant predictions, binding site predictions, and pathway network pattern analysis. The analyses indicated that 6 of the 13 natural products predicted binding proteins which were important targets for established cancer treatments. Improvements in effectiveness were predicted for artificial combinations of 2 or 3 natural products. That effect might be attributed to drug synergism rather than increased numbers of binding proteins bound (dose effects). Among natural products, the combinations of aloe emodin with mevinolin and honokiol were predicted to be the most effective combination for AML-related predicted binding proteins. Therefore, plant extracts may in future provide more effective medicines than the single purified natural products of modern medicine, in some cases....(more)
El-Shemy HA, et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:801501.
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- 6. The activity of lowering intraocular pressure of cassiae seed extract in a DBA/2J mouse glaucoma model.
PURPOSE:
To evaluate the activity of lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) by Cassiae seed in the DBA/2J mouse glaucoma model.
METHODS:
Young male (mean age: 3 months) inherited glaucoma mice (BDA/2J) were enrolled in this study. To evaluate the potential of Cassiae seed in the treatment of glaucoma, all subjects were divided into 6 groups. There were 1 sham group, positive control identified as group 2 topical brimonidine and group 3 oral acetazolamide, and groups 4-6 Cassiae seed extract (CSE) groups. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level in the anterior aqueous humor and the changes of IOP were investigated. Contents of total polyphenol glycosides in the CSE were measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. Chromatographic separation was performed on a Cosmosil 5C(18)-MS reverse-phase HPLC column (4.6×250-mm i.d., 5 μm) with methanol/0.1% H(3)PO(4) as the mobile phases in a gradient elution mode at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min and an injection volume of 10 μL. The wavelength of UV detector was set at 254 nm.
RESULTS:
The LDH level in the anterior aqueous humor and IOP significantly decreased after treatment with CSE. The IOP-lowering effect of CSE was comparable to those of oral acetazolamide and brimonidine instillation. There were no abnormal findings in the external appearance, and body weight change after treatment with CSE for 5 weeks. Chrysophanol and physcion were measured by an HPLC method to obtain total polyphenol glycosides of the CSE, and were involved in the IOP-lowering function. ConclUSION: Cassiae seed may be safe and beneficial for treating glaucoma due to its significant IOP- and LDH-lowering activities....(more)
Horng CT, et al. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2013 Feb;29(1):48-54.
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- 7. Anthraquinone profile, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of bark extracts of Rhamnus alaternus, R. fallax, R. intermedia and R. pumila.
The quantity of phenols, as well as antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, were investigated in bark of Rhamnus alaternus L., R. fallax Boiss., R. intermedia Steud. et Hochst., and R. pumila Turra from natural stands in Croatia. The most abundant anthraquinones in the investigated extracts were chrysophanol in R. alaternus (3.14 mg/g), emodin in R. pumila (0.339 mg/g), and physcion in R. fallax (2.70 mg/g) and R. intermedia (0.285 mg/g). The species exhibiting the highest antioxidant activity were R. fallax and R. pumila. A positive correlation was observed between total phenolic and flavonoid levels of the extracts and antioxidant activity in some of the assays. All species showed antimicrobial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, Aspergillus niger and Microsporum gypseum with minimal inhibitory concentrations equal to or below 2.500 mg/mL. The results indicate that the investigated Rhamnus species are a source of anthraquinones and other phenols, which act as multifunctional antioxidants with antimicrobial activity....(more)
Kosalec I, et al. Food Chem 2013 Jan 15;136(2):335-41.
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- 8. Effect of acute pancreatitis on the pharmacokinetics of Chinese herbal ointment Liu-He-Dan in anaesthetized rats.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
Chinese herbal preparation of Liu-He-Dan ointment has been adapted for acute pancreatitis in external application for many years in West China.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
To investigate the effect of acute pancreatitis on the pharmacokinetics of Liu-He-Dan ointment in rats while it was used externally on belly.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into acute pancreatitis model group (n=6) and normal group as a control (n=6). Chinese herbal Liu-He-Dan ointment was used externally on belly. Emodin, rhein, aloe emodin, physcion and chrysophanol in plasma and pancreas (at 48 h) were detected and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Amylase in plasma were determined with iodide process.
RESULTS:
Among the five components, only emodin, aloe emodin and physcion from Liu-He-Dan were detected in plasma and pancreas. The absorption of each component was tended to decrease in acute pancreatitis group after topically management with Liu-He-Dan ointment on rats' abdomen. The T(max), C(max) and area under curve (AUC) of each component were distinctly lower in AP group than those in normal group (p<0.05). However, the T(1/2α) and mean retention time (MRT) of emodin lasted longer in acute pancreatitis group than those in normal group (p<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the MRT of aloe emodin and physcion between the two groups. Emodin could be detected in all rats' pancreas at 48 h in both groups, while its mean pancreatic concentration was higher in acute pancreatitis model group than in normal group (0.91 ± 0.68, 0.41 ± 0.36, respectively). Physcion could be detected in pancreas of most acute pancreatitis models, but not in normal rats. Aloe emodin was found in all pancreas from acute pancreatitis models while only one in normal group. The level of amylase in Liu-He-Dan group was obviously lower than that in the AP model group (p=0.0055).
CONCLUSION:
We concluded that acute pancreatitis may significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of Liu-He-Dan while external applied on belly, which indicated the dosage modification in AP. However, acute pancreatitis seems to promote the distribution of the detected components into pancreas. The ointment could help relieve the disease of pancreatitis.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Zhao XL, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2013 Jan 9;145(1):94-9.
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- 9. Electrochemical determination of chrysophanol based on the enhancement effect of acetylene black nanoparticles.
Acetylene black (AB) nanoparticles were readily dispersed into water in the presence of dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate. After evaporation of water, the surface of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was coated with AB nanoparticles as confirmed from the scanning electron microscopy measurements. The transmission electron microscopy images indicated that AB nanoparticles possessed porous structure. Electrochemical behavior of chrysophanol was studied, and a sensitive oxidation peak was observed in pH 3.6 acetate buffer solution. Compared with the bare GCE, the AB nanoparticles-modified GCE greatly increased the oxidation peak current of chrysophanol, showing remarkable signal enhancement effect. The influences of pH value, amount of AB, accumulation potential and time on the signal enhancement of chrysophanol were studied. As a result, a novel electrochemical method was developed for the determination of chrysophanol. The linear range was from 1.5 to 200 μgL(-1), and the detection limit was 0.51 μgL(-1) (2.01 × 10(-9)M) after 2-min accumulation. Finally, this method was used in traditional Chinese medicines, and the results consisted with the values that obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography....(more)
Zhang Y, et al. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013 Mar 1;103:94-8.
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- 10. Developmental Changes in the Composition of Five Anthraquinones from Rheum palmatum as Quantified by (1) H-NMR.
INTRODUCTION:
Rheum palmatum is an important traditional Chinese medicine featuring anthraquinones with several activities. Generally, rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion and chrysophanol are used as chemical markers for the quality control of rhubarb products.
OBJECTIVE:
To develop a simple protocol for the quantification of rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion and chrysophanol in R. palmatum collected at different developmental stages.
METHODS:
(1) H-NMR spectra were measured on samples dissolved in acetone-d(6) , quantification was carried out using the signals of H-4 of rhein (δ(H) 8.36), H-7 of emodin (δ(H) 6.68), CH(2) OH of aloe-emodin (δ(H) 4.81), OCH(3) of physcion (δ(H) 4.02) and CH(3) of chrysophanol (δ(H) 2.50), which were well separated from other signals. Quantitative analysis was based on the relative ratio of the intensity of each compound to the known amount of internal standard maleic acid.
RESULTS:
The quantitative (1) H-NMR (qHNMR) method developed showed good precision, trueness, linearity, repeatability and stability for the quantification of rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion and chrysophanol. This method was applied successfully to explore the seasonal variations of the five major anthraquinones in R. palmatum, and provided quantitative results in reasonable agreement with those obtained by the HPLC-UV method.
CONCLUSION:
Compared with the conventional HPLC-based methods, the qHNMR analysis is rapid, reference-free and convenient with less sample pre-treatment. This technique should be a feasible choice for the quality control of R. palmatum. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Wang ZW, et al. Phytochem Anal 2013 Jan 31.
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- 11. SoSoSo or its active ingredient chrysophanol regulates production of inflammatory cytokines &amp; adipokine in both macrophages &amp; adipocytes.
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES:
Obesity is now considered as a major risk factor for the development of fatty liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and atherosclerosis. SoSoSo is a newly developed dietary supplement made of seven medicinal herbs. This study was aimed at examining the anti-obesity effect of SoSoSo or its active ingredient chrysophanol on the production of inflammatory cytokines and adipokine in macrophyage cell line RAW264 and 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
METHODS:
No release was measured as a form of nitrite by Griess method. The production of inflammatory cytokines and adipokine were measured with the ELISA method. The m-RNA expression of each cytokine and adipokine were measured using RT-PCR. The nuclear proteins for NF-κB were analyzed with western blotting.
RESULTS:
SoSoSo or chrysophanol significantly inhibited the nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264 cells as well as in RAW264 cells-conditioned medium (CM)-treated 3T3-L1 cells. The production of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were inhibited by SoSoSo or chrysophanol. In addition, SoSoSo or chrysophanol inhibited the activation of nuclear factor-κB in RAW264 cells. SoSoSo or chrysophanol inhibited the productions of IL-6, TNF-α, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 as well as the reduction of adiponectin production in CM-treated 3T3-L1 cells.
INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSIONS:
These results suggest a potential of SoSoSo or chrysophanol as a source of anti-inflammatory agent for obesity. Further in vivo studies would be required to confirm these findings....(more)
Rim HK, et al. Indian J Med Res 2013 Jan;137(1):142-50.
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- 12. LC-MS/MS determination of pogostone in rat plasma and its application in pharmacokinetic studies.
Pogostone is an important constituent of Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth., and possesses various known bioactivities. A rapid, simple and sensitive liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed for the analysis of pogostone in rat plasma using chrysophanol as internal standard (IS). The analytes were extracted with methanol and separated using a reversed-phase YMC-UltraHT Pro C18 column. Elution was achieved with a mobile phase consisting of methanol-water (75:25, v/v) for 5 min at a flow rate of 400 μL/min. The precursor/product transitions (m/z) under MS/MS detection with negative electrospray ionization (ESI) were 223.0 → 139.0 and 253.1 → 224.9 for pogostone and IS, respectively. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range 0.05-160 µg/mL (r = 0.9996). The intra- and inter-day accuracy and precision were within ±10%. The validated method was successfully applied to the preclinical pharmacokinetic investigation of pogostone in rats after intravenous (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg) and oral administration (5, 10 and 20 mg/kg). Finally, the oral absolute bioavailability of pogostone in rats was calculated to be 70.39, 78.18 and 83.99% for 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Chen H, et al. Biomed Chromatogr 2013 Mar 18.
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- 13. Simultaneous Preconcentration and Analysis of Anthraquinones Based on Ultrasound Emulsification Ionic Liquid Microextraction.
An ultrasensitive method of ultrasound emulsification ionic liquid microextraction (UEILME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed and introduced for the preconcentration and analysis of anthraquinone additives in cosmetic samples and five anthraquinone compounds (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) in traditional Chinese medicines. Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized, such as the type and amount of extraction solvent, sample pH, ultrasound time and temperature, centrifugation speed and time and ionic strength. The most favorable results were obtained using 60 mg of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as extraction solvent. The anthraquinones were extracted from the aqueous solution (pH 2.0) by ultrasound at 40°C for 7 min and centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 6 min. Under optimal conditions, acceptable linearity of the five anthraquinone compounds was obtained with correlation coefficients > 0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.01 to 0.09 µg/L and 0.05 to 0.25 µg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations (n = 3) were less than 9.8%. Moreover, the enrichment factors ranged from 80 to 197-fold. Compared with conventional dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, the UEILME technique exhibited lower LODs and LOQs. The results demonstrated that the UEILME coupled with HPLC is a simple, environmentally friendly, sensitive and efficient method for the extraction, concentration and analysis of anthraquinone compounds....(more)
Yan Y, et al. J Chromatogr Sci 2013 Mar 15.
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- 14. Pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity of cassiamin A, a bianthraquinone from Cassia siamea.
In continuation towards the discovery of potential antiobesity lead(s) from natural products, we have screened n-hexane, dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and methanol (MeOH) extracts of 33 Indian medicinal plants (200 extracts) for in vitro pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. Of the screened extracts, the EtOAc extract of Cassia siamea roots showed 74.3 +/- 1.4% enzyme inhibition at 250 microg/mL concentration. Bioassay guided fractionation of the active extract afforded 6 known compounds viz. chrysophanol (1), physcion (2), emodin (3), cassiamin A (4), friedelin (5) and cycloart-25-en-3beta,24-diol (6). These compounds were further evaluated for pancreatic lipase inhibitory activity. Cassiamin A (4), a bianthraquinone, was found to be most active with an IC50 value of 41.8 +/- 1.2 microM and compounds 2 and 5 were found to be moderate enzyme inhibitors. Results indicate the antiobesity potential of C. siamea through pancreatic lipase inhibition....(more)
Kumar D, et al. Nat Prod Commun 2013 Feb;8(2):195-8.
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- 15. Antimycobacterial effect of extract and its components from Rheum rhaponticum.
The global threat of tuberculosis demands the search for alternative antimycobacterial drugs. The present study examined roots and petioles from Rheum rhaponticum for antimycobacterial activity. Crude methanol extracts and eight phenolic compounds isolated by preparative column chromatography were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and M. bovis using the broth dilution method. The extract from roots and its components, such as rhaponticin, deoxyrhaponticin, resveratrol, barbaloin, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol were found to have antimycobacterial activity against both microorganisms. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of all the investigated samples ranged from 32 to 512 microg/mL. The anthracene derivatives were the most active; their MICs were 32, 64, and 64 microg/mL (M. tuberculosis H37Ra) and 128, 64, and 64 microg/mL (M. bovis), respectively. The microorganisms were resistant to stimulation with extract from petioles, as were quercetin and rutin. The results showed that anthracene and stilbene derivatives play a prominent role in the antimycobacterial properties of R. rhaponticum....(more)
Smolarz HD, et al. J AOAC Int 2013 Jan-Feb;96(1):155-60.
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- 16. Antimicrobial Efficacy of Poly (DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) Nanoparticles with Entrapped Cinnamon Bark Extract against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella typhimurium.
Nanoencapsulation of active compounds using poly-(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry for drug delivery and may have important applications in the food industry. Control of growth of foodborne bacteria with the goals of reducing the number of foodborne illness outbreaks, assuring consumers a safer food supply remains a priority in the food industry. Natural antimicrobials are an excellent way to eliminate pathogens without introducing chemical preservatives that consumers may find undesirable. Cinnamon bark extract (CBE) is an effective pathogen inhibitor isolated from cinnamon spice. PLGA nanoparticles containing CBE were produced using an emulsion-solvent evaporation method and characterized for size, polydispersity, morphology, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release and pathogen inhibition. PLGA with 2 different ratios of lactide to glycolide (65:35 and 50:50) were used to determine how polymer composition affected nanoparticle characteristics and antimicrobial potency. The size of the nanoparticles ranged from 144.77 to 166.65 nm and the entrapment efficiencies of CBE in 65:35 PLGA and 50:50 PLGA were 38.90% and 47.60%, respectively. The in vitro release profile at 35 °C showed an initial burst effect for both types of PLGA followed by a more gradual release of CBE from the polymer matrix. Both types of PLGA nanoparticles loaded with CBE were effective inhibitors of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Listeria monocytogenes after 24 and 72 h at concentrations ranging from 224.42 to 549.23 μg/mL. The PLGA encapsulation improved delivery of hydrophobic antimicrobial to the pathogens in aqueous media....(more)
Hill LE, et al. J Food Sci 2013 Apr;78(4):N626-32.
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- 17. Surface decontamination and quality enhancement in meat steaks using plant extracts as natural biopreservatives.
Nine plant extracts were evaluated as biopreservatives to decontaminate and maintain the quality of meat steaks. Most of the extracts exhibited a remarkable antibacterial activity against antibiotic resistant strains from Salmonella Typhimurium and Staphylococcus aureus. The pomegranate peel extract (PPE), cinnamon bark extract (CBE), and lemon grass leaves extract (LGE) were the most effective as bactericides, with minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 250, 350, and 550 μg/mL, respectively. The most effective treatments, for decontaminating meat steak surfaces, were the application of combined PPE, CBE, and LGE at their MIC values and the treatment with double MIC from PPE; these treatments resulted in complete bacterial inhibitions during the first 2 days of storage period for 7 days. The sensory evaluation of treated steaks revealed that these two treatments had the highest panelist overall scores. The highest scores, for individual attributes, were observed in the treated steaks with double MIC from PPE. Application of plant extracts could be impressively recommended for comprehensive meat decontamination and quality attributes enhancement....(more)
Tayel AA, et al. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2012 Aug;9(8):755-61.
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- 18. Cinnamon extract inhibits α-glucosidase activity and dampens postprandial glucose excursion in diabetic rats.
BACKGROUND:
α-glucosidase inhibitors regulate postprandial hyperglycemia (PPHG) by impeding the rate of carbohydrate digestion in the small intestine and thereby hampering the diet associated acute glucose excursion. PPHG is a major risk factor for diabetic vascular complications leading to disabilities and mortality in diabetics. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, a spice, has been used in traditional medicine for treating diabetes. In this study we have evaluated the α-glucosidase inhibitory potential of cinnamon extract to control postprandial blood glucose level in maltose, sucrose loaded STZ induced diabetic rats.
METHODS:
The methanol extract of cinnamon bark was prepared by Soxhlet extraction. Phytochemical analysis was performed to find the major class of compounds present in the extract. The inhibitory effect of cinnamon extract on yeast α-glucosidase and rat-intestinal α-glucosidase was determined in vitro and the kinetics of enzyme inhibition was studied. Dialysis experiment was performed to find the nature of the inhibition. Normal male Albino wistar rats and STZ induced diabetic rats were treated with cinnamon extract to find the effect of cinnamon on postprandial hyperglycemia after carbohydrate loading.
RESULTS:
Phytochemical analysis of the methanol extract displayed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, terpenoids, coumarins and anthraquinones. In vitro studies had indicated dose-dependent inhibitory activity of cinnamon extract against yeast α-glucosidase with the IC 50 value of 5.83 μg/ml and mammalian α-glucosidase with IC 50 value of 670 μg/ml. Enzyme kinetics data fit to LB plot pointed out competitive mode of inhibition and the membrane dialysis experiment revealed reversible nature of inhibition. In vivo animal experiments are indicative of ameliorated postprandial hyperglycemia as the oral intake of the cinnamon extract (300 mg/kg body wt.) significantly dampened the postprandial hyperglycemia by 78.2% and 52.0% in maltose and sucrose loaded STZ induced diabetic rats respectively, compared to the control. On the other hand, in rats that received glucose and cinnamon extract, postprandial hyperglycemia was not effectively suppressed, which indicates that the observed postprandial glycemic amelioration is majorly due to α-glucosidase inhibition.
CONCLUSIONS:
The current study demonstrates one of the mechanisms in which cinnamon bark extract effectively inhibits α-glucosidase leading to suppression of postprandial hyperglycemia in STZ induced diabetic rats loaded with maltose, sucrose. This bark extract shows competitive, reversible inhibition on α-glucosidase enzyme. Cinnamon extract could be used as a potential nutraceutical agent for treating postprandial hyperglycemia. In future, specific inhibitor has to be isolated from the crude extract, characterized and therapeutically exploited....(more)
Mohamed Sham Shihabudeen H, et al. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2011 Jun 29;8(1):46.
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- 19. Antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic action of Cinnamomi Cassiae (Cinnamon bark) extract in C57BL/Ks db/db mice.
In previous study, the anti-diabetic effect of Cinnamomi Cassiae extract (Cinnamon bark: Lauraceae) in a type II diabetic animal model (C57BIKsj db/db) has been reported. To explore their mechanism of action, in present study, the effect of cinnamon extract on anti-hyperglycemia and anti-hyperlipidemia was evaluated by measuring the blood glucose levels, serum insulin, and adiponectin levels, serum and hepatic lipids, PPARalpha mRNA expression in liver and PPARgamma mRNA expression in adipose tissue, respectively. Male C57BIKs db/db mice were divided into a diabetic group and cinnamon extract treated group and examined for a period of 12 weeks (200 mg/kg, p.o). The fasting blood glucose and postprandial 2 h blood glucose levels in the cinnamon treated group were significantly lower than those in the control group (p < 0.01), whereas the serum insulin and adiponectin levels were significantly higher in the cinnamon treated group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The serum lipids and hepatic lipids were improved in the cinnamon administered group. Also the PPARalpha mRNA (liver) and PPARgamma mRNA (adipose tissue) expression levels were increased significantly in the cinnamon treated group (p < 0.05). Our results suggest that cinnamon extract significantly increases insulin sensitivity, reduces serum, and hepatic lipids, and improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia possibly by regulating the PPAR-medicated glucose and lipid metabolism....(more)
Kim SH, et al. Arch Pharm Res 2010 Feb;33(2):325-33.
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- 20. Aldehydic components of cinnamon bark extract suppresses RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis through NFATc1 downregulation.
Several major bone diseases are directly attributable to bone loss, including osteoporosis, bone metastasis, and rheumatoid arthritis. The nuclear factor of activated T cell 1 (NFATc1), a transcription factor, has recently been shown to play an essential role in osteoclastogenesis. In this study, we found that of several herbs, Cinnamomum zeylanicum (C. zeylanicum) exhibited the strong inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis and that its mechanism of action involves the suppression of NFATc1-mediated signal transduction. C. zeylanicum dose-dependently inhibited osteoclast-like cell formation at concentrations of 12.5-50 microg/ml without affecting cell viability. Resorption pit assays have shown that C. zeylanicum also inhibits the bone-resorbing activity of mature osteoclasts. Treatment with C. zeylanicum inhibited the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand (RANKL)-induced NFATc1 and c-fos expression. Additionally, C. zeylanicum moderately inhibited phosphorylation of IkappaB-alpha, suggesting that the c-fos/NFATc1 pathway, rather than the nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) pathway, is the primary target of C. zeylanicum during RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Using an HPLC-DAD system, we identified three major peaks for four characteristic components in the C. zeylanicum extract and identified an unknown peak as 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde via HPLC and a 2D-COSY (1)H NMR study. We identified cinnamaldehyde and 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde as active components reducing osteoclast-like cell formation and inhibiting NFATc1 expression. Notably, in a resorption pit assay, 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde exhibited remarkable inhibition rates of 95% at 2 microM on bone resorption. In summary, this study points to the conclusion that C. zeylanicum inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. This finding raises prospects for the development of a novel approach in the treatment of osteopenic disease....(more)
Tsuji-Naito K. Bioorg Med Chem 2008 Oct 15;16(20):9176-83.
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- 21. Complete Chloroplast Genome Sequence of Holoparasite Cistanche deserticola (Orobanchaceae) Reveals Gene Loss and Horizontal Gene Transfer from Its Host Haloxylon ammodendron (Chenopodiaceae).
BACKGROUND: The central function of chloroplasts is to carry out photosynthesis, and its gene content and structure are highly conserved across land plants. Parasitic plants, which have reduced photosynthetic ability, suffer gene losses from the chloroplast (cp) genome accompanied by the relaxation of selective constraints. Compared with the rapid rise in the number of cp genome sequences of photosynthetic organisms, there are limited data sets from parasitic plants. PRINCIPAL FINDINGSSIGNIFICANCE: Here we report the complete sequence of the cp genome of Cistanche deserticola, a holoparasitic desert species belonging to the family Orobanchaceae. The cp genome of C. deserticola is greatly reduced both in size (102,657 bp) and in gene content, indicating that all genes required for photosynthesis suffer from gene loss and pseudogenization, except for psbM. The striking difference from other holoparasitic plants is that it retains almost a full set of tRNA genes, and it has lower dN/dS for most genes than another close holoparasitic plant, E. virginiana, suggesting that Cistanche deserticola has undergone fewer losses, either due to a reduced level of holoparasitism, or to a recent switch to this life history. We also found that the rpoC2 gene was present in two copies within C. deserticola. Its own copy has much shortened and turned out to be a pseudogene. Another copy, which was not located in its cp genome, was a homolog of the host plant, Haloxylon ammodendron (Chenopodiaceae), suggesting that it was acquired from its host via a horizontal gene transfer....(more)
Li X, et al. PLoS One 2013;8(3):e58747.
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- 22. Herba Cistanches stimulates cellular glutathione redox cycling by reactive oxygen species generated from mitochondrial respiration in H9c2 cardiomyocytes.
CONTEXT:
Earlier findings demonstrated that pretreatment of Herba Cistanches [the dried whole plant of Cistanche deserticola Y.C. Ma (Orobanchaceae)], a "Yang-invigorating" Chinese tonic herb, stimulated the ATP-generation capacity (ATP-GC) in mitochondria isolated from rat heart ex vivo. The enhancement of mitochondrial ATP-GC by Herba Cistanches was associated with induction of glutathione antioxidant status and protection against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat hearts.
OBJECTIVES:
This study investigated the relationship between enhancements in mitochondrial ATP-GC and glutathione antioxidant status in H9c2 cardiomyocytes using a semipurified fraction of Herba Cistanches (HCF1).
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
HCF1 (10-300 ng/mL) was tested for its effects on mitochondrial ATP generation, glutathione antioxidant status and protection against oxidant injury in H9c2 cardiomyocytes and rat hearts.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:
HCF1 at 30 ng/mL increased mitochondrial ATP-GC and ADP-stimulated state 3 respiration (by 50 and 100%, respectively) in H9c2 cardiomyocytes. The stimulation of mitochondrial respiration was associated with the induction of mitochondrial uncoupling (27%) and enhancement of cellular glutathione redox cycling as well as protection against hypoxia/reoxygenation (hypox/reoxy)-induced apoptosis (by 60%). While HCF1 treatment increased reactive oxygen species generation from mitochondrial respiration in H9c2 cardiomyocytes, pretreatment with antioxidants (DMTU) abrogated the HCF1-induced cellular responses and the associated cytoprotective effect. HCF1 pretreatment (1.14 and 3.41 mg/kg × 14) also protected against myocardial I/R injury in rats (by 13 and 32%), presumably mediated by the induction of glutathione antioxidant response.
CONCLUSION:
The long-term intake of HCF1 may offer a prospect for the prevention of ischemic heart disease....(more)
Wong HS, et al. Pharm Biol 2013 Jan;51(1):64-73.
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- 23. The therapeutic effect of mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 and Cistanche deserticola is associated with increased levels of tryptophan and kynurenine in the rat lens.
Supplementation of senescence-accelerated OXYS rats with the mitochondria-targeted antioxidant SkQ1 and with the powder from Cistanche deserticola results in the deceleration of the cataract development and even in the improvement of lens transparency. The therapeutic effect of these preparations correlates with a significant elevation of tryptophan and kynurenine levels in the lens. This finding is attributed to a deceleration of the tryptophan and kynurenine oxidation due to antioxidant-assisted reduction of oxidative stress in the lens....(more)
Snytnikova OA, et al. Dokl Biochem Biophys 2012 Nov-Dec;447:300-3.
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- 24. [Status and prospect of studies on habitat characteristics, parasitic mechanism and nutrient transport of Cistanche deserticola].
Cistanche Herba is one of precious traditional Chinese medicine, which original wild plant resources dropped sharply in recent years. It is urgent to make sustainable utilization. The genus of Cistanche is a total parasitic plant, its physiological ecology and nutrition transfer are very particular. The status of the studies on habitat characteristics, parasitic mechanism and nutrient transport of Cistanche was reviewed, prospect was also given. It can provide reference for the further basic and applied studies on the nutrition transfer, germplasm quality and agriculture practice....(more)
Huang XF, et al. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012 Oct;37(19):2831-5. Review. Chinese.
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- 25. Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma, "Desert ginseng": a review.
Cistanche deserticola Y. C. Ma (C. deserticola, "Rou Cong Rong" in Chinese) is an officinal plant that grows in arid or semi-arid areas. The dried fleshy stem of C. deserticola has been generally used as a tonic in China and Japan for many years. Modern pharmacology studies have since demonstrated that C. deserticola possesses broad medicinal functions, especially for use in hormone regulation, aperient, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, antioxidative, anti-apoptotic, anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-fatigue activities and the promotion of bone formation. The phenylethanoid glycosides (PhGs) presented in C. deserticola have been identified as the major active components. This review summarizes the up-to-date and comprehensive information on C. deserticola covering the aspects of the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology....(more)
Wang T, et al. Am J Chin Med 2012;40(6):1123-41.
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- 26. [Analysis of volatile compounds of inflorescence by GC-MS from Cistanche deserticola].
OBJECTIVE:
To study the volatile compounds from inflorescence of Cistanche deserticola and provide basis for its utilization and seed breeding.
METHODS:
The volatile compounds were collected by dynamic headspace adsorption and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
RESULTS:
Forty volatile components were identified in inflorescence of Cistanche deserticola from squaring period to full-bloom period. The main components in buds of Cistanche deserticola were hydrocarbons and green leaf volatiles in squaring period. Some components were characteristic in buds and disappeared or decreased in flowers. The relative contents of some components gradually increased with the buds blooming. And some components only emerged in flowers of Cistanche deserticola. The higher content of esters and aromatics were found in flowers, which were significantly increased in comparison with the volatile compounds from buds.
CONCLUSION:
The volatile compounds from inflorescence of Cistanche deserticola were complex, consisting of various compositions and significantly different with buds blooming....(more)
Qiao HL, et al. Zhong Yao Cai 2012 Apr;35(4):573-7. Chinese.
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- 27. Preparative isolation and purification of four compounds from Cistanches deserticola Y.C. Ma by high-speed counter-current chromatography.
Following a constituent enrichment step on a silica gel column, four phenyl-ethanoid glycosides were successfully isolated from Cistanches deserticola and purified by preparative high-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) with a two-phase solvent system composed of ethyl acetate-n-butanol-ethanol-water (40:6:6:50, v/v/v/v). A total of 30.9 mg acteoside, 13.0 mg isoacteoside, 12.5 mg syringalide A 3'-α-L-rhamnopyranoside and 7.2 mg 2'-acetylacteoside with purity of higher than 95%, as determined by HPLC-ELSD, were obtained in one-step separation from 297 mg of Cistanche deserticola extract, respectively. Their structures were identified by HR-MS, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR....(more)
Han L, et al. Molecules 2012 Jul 10;17(7):8276-84.
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- 28. Cistanche deserticola extract increases bone formation in osteoblasts.
OBJECTIVES:
We investigated the effect of Cistanche deserticola Ma. (CD) on bone formation by cultured osteoblasts.
METHODS:
The mineralized nodule formation assay was used to examine the in-vitro effects of CD on bone formation. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP)-2 and osteopontin (OPN) mRNA expression was analysed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. The mechanism of action of CD extract was investigated using Western blotting. The in-vivo anti-osteoporotic effect of CD extract was assessed in ovariectomized mice.
KEY FINDINGS:
CD extract had no effect on the proliferation, migration or wound healing of cultured osteoblasts, but increased ALP, BMP-2 and OPN mRNA and bone mineralization. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) or nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitors reduced CD extract-induced bone formation and ALP, BMP-2 and OPN expression. However, CD extract did not affect osteoclastogenesis. In addition, CD extract prevented the bone loss induced by ovariectomy in vivo.
CONCLUSIONS:
CD may be a novel bone formation agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.
© 2012 The Authors. JPP © 2012 Royal Pharmaceutical Society....(more)
Li TM, et al. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012 Jun;64(6):897-907.
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- 29. Echinacoside stimulates cell proliferation and prevents cell apoptosis in intestinal epithelial MODE-K cells by up-regulation of transforming growth factor-β1 expression.
Cistanche deserticola MA (C. deserticola) has been widely used as a laxative herbal in herbal medicine for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome or constipation, and echinacoside (ECH) is one of the major bioactive ingredients in this herbal. Our aim was to investigate the effect of ECH on intestinal epithelial cell growth and death. MODE-K, an intestinal epithelial cell line, was used as an in vitro model of the intestine. Cell proliferation was measured by methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. Cell apoptosis was determined with Annexin-V staining. Here we showed that in cultured MODE-K cells, ECH significantly stimulated cell proliferation and enhanced cell survival by reducing cell apoptosis in the presence of H(2)O(2) or the mixture of pro-inflammatory cytokines, while transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression was up-regulated in a dose-dependent manner. Knockdown of TGF-β1 expression disrupted both the proliferative and cytoprotective activities of ECH, which was further confirmed by neutralization of TGF-β1 activity using anti-TGF-β1 antibody. These data suggest that ECH as one of bioactive ingredients in herbal C. deserticola and others may improve mucosal tissue repair by stimulating intestinal epithelial cell proliferation and preventing cell death via up-regulation of TGF-β....(more)
Jia Y, et al. J Pharmacol Sci 2012;118(1):99-108.
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- 30. Reduction of inflammatory hyperplasia in the intestine in colon cancer-prone mice by water-extract of Cistanche deserticola.
Cistanche deserticola has commonly been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat many health problems including irritable bowel syndrome or constipation. This study was designed to test the efficacy of a water-extract of C. deserticola in the prevention of colorectal cancer in a mouse model. Polysaccharide-rich water-extract of C. deserticola was prepared by boiling its stem powder in distilled water. Tgfb1Rag2 null mice were used as an experimental model. Here we showed that feeding of water-extract of C. deserticola significantly reduced the number of mucosal hyperplasia and intestinal helicobacter infection in mice. This beneficial effect correlated with significant stimulation of the immune system, evidenced by the enlargement of the spleens with increased number of splenic macrophage and natural killer cells, and with more potent cytotoxicity of splenocytes. In vitro water-extract of C. deserticola enhanced the cytotoxicity of naïve splenocytes against a human colon cancer cell line, and in macrophage cultures up-regulated nitric oxide synthase II expression and stimulated phagocytosis. In conclusion, our data indicate that oral administration of C. deserticola extract reduces inflammatory hyperplastic polyps and helicobacter infection in mice by its immune-stimulatory activity, suggesting that C. deserticola extract may have potential in preventing intestinal inflammation disorders including colorectal cancer.
Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Jia Y, et al. Phytother Res 2012 Jun;26(6):812-9.
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- 31. A 60day double-blind, placebo-controlled safety study involving Citrus aurantium (bitter orange) extract.
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine are widely consumed in dietary supplements for weight management and sports performance. p-Synephrine is also present in foods derived from a variety of Citrus species. Bitter orange extract is commonly used in combination with multiple herbal ingredients. Most clinical studies conducted on bitter orange extract alone have involved single doses. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of bitter orange extract (approximately 49mg p-synephrine) alone or in combination with naringin and hesperidin twice daily given to 25 healthy subjects per group for 60days in a double-blinded, placebo-controlled protocol. No significant changes occurred in systolic or diastolic blood pressures, blood chemistries or blood cell counts in control or p-synephrine treated groups. Small, clinically insignificant differences in heart rates were observed between the p-synephrine plus naringin and hesperidin group and the p-synephrine alone as well as the placebo group. No adverse effects were reported in the three groups. Bitter orange extract and p-synephrine appear to be without adverse effects at a dose of up to 98mg daily for 60days based on the parameters measured....(more)
Kaats GR, et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2013 May;55:358-62.
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- 32. Effects of p-synephrine alone and in combination with selected bioflavonoids on resting metabolism, blood pressure, heart rate and self-reported mood changes.
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract is widely used in dietary supplements for weight management and sports performance. Its primary protoalkaloid is p-synephrine. Most studies involving bitter orange extract and p-synephrine have used products with multiple ingredients. The current study assessed the thermogenic effects of p-synephrine alone and in conjunction with the flavonoids naringin and hesperidin in a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled protocol with 10 subjects per treatment group. Resting metabolic rates (RMR), blood pressure, heart rates and a self-reported rating scale were determined at baseline and 75 min after oral ingestion of the test products in V-8 juice. A decrease of 30 kcal occurred in the placebo control relative to baseline. The group receiving p-synephrine (50 mg) alone exhibited a 65 kcal increase in RMR as compared to the placebo group. The consumption of 600 mg naringin with 50 mg p-synephrine resulted in a 129 kcal increase in RMR relative to the placebo group. In the group receiving 100 mg hesperidin in addition to the 50 mg p-synephrine plus 600 mg naringin, the RMR increased by 183 kcal, an increase that was statistically significant with respect to the placebo control (p<0.02). However, consuming 1000 mg hesperidin with 50 mg p-synephrine plus 600 mg naringin resulted in a RMR that was only 79 kcal greater than the placebo group. None of the treatment groups exhibited changes in heart rate or blood pressure relative to the control group, nor there were no differences in self-reported ratings of 10 symptoms between the treatment groups and the control group. This unusual finding of a thermogenic combination of ingredients that elevated metabolic rates without corresponding elevations in blood pressure and heart-rates warrants longer term studies to assess its value as a weight control agent....(more)
Stohs SJ, et al. Int J Med Sci 2011 Apr 28;8(4):295-301.
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- 33. A review of the receptor-binding properties of p-synephrine as related to its pharmacological effects.
Bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) extract and its primary protoalkaloid p-synephrine are used widely in weight loss/weight management and sports performance products. Because of structural similarities, the pharmacological effects of p-synephrine are widely assumed to be similar to those of ephedrine, m-synephrine (phenylephrine), and endogenous amine neurotransmitters as norepinephrine and epinephrine. However, small structural changes result in the receptor binding characteristics of these amines that are markedly different, providing a plausible explanation for the paucity of adverse effects associated with the wide-spread consumption of p-synephrine in the form of dietary supplements as well as in various Citrus foods and juices. This paper summarizes the adrenoreceptor binding characteristics of p-synephrine relative to m-synephrine, norepinephrine, and other amines as related to the observed pharmacological effects....(more)
Stohs SJ, et al. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2011;2011:482973.
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- 34. Concentrations of p-synephrine in fruits and leaves of Citrus species (Rutaceae) and the acute toxicity testing of Citrus aurantium extract and p-synephrine.
Dietary supplements containing bitter orange unripe fruit extract/p-synephrine are consumed worldwide for lose weight. This study were conducted to determine the concentration of p-synephrine in unripe fruits and leaves from Citrus aurantium Lin, C. sinensis Osbeck, C. deliciosa Ten, C. limon Burm and C. limonia Osbeck, collected in Southern Brazil, and to evaluate the acute toxicity of C. aurantium extract and p-synephrine. A high performance liquid chromatographic method with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) was optimized and validated for determination of p-synephrine. The results indicate that all of analyzed samples present p-synephrine in amounts that range from 0.012% to 0.099% in the unripe fruits and 0.029 to 0.438% in the leaves. Acute oral administration of C. aurantium extracts (2.5% p-synephrine, 300-5,000 mg/kg) in mice produced reduction of locomotor activity, p-synephrine (150-2,000 mg/kg) produced piloerection, gasping, salivation, exophtalmia and reduction in locomotor activity, which was confirmed in spontaneous locomotor activity test. All the effects were reversible and persisted for 3-4h. The toxic effects observed seem to be related with adrenergic stimulation and should alert for possible side effects of p-synephrine and C. aurantium....(more)
Arbo MD, et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2008 Aug;46(8):2770-5.
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- 35. [Effects of Citrus aurantium extract on liver antioxidant defense function in experimental diabetic mouse].
OBJECTIVE:
To study the effect of Citrus aurantium extract on liver antioxidant ability in experimental diabetic mice.
METHODS:
Experimental diabetic mice were treated with C. aurantium extract (C. aurantium 5, 10, 15g/ kg) respectively. After 5 weeks, the general status, liver antioxidant ability and the change of livers histological were observed.
RESULTS:
Experimental diabetic mice groups were treated with C. aurantium extract in comparison with the experimental diabetic mice group. It was indicated that the levels of blood glucose were significantly reduced (P < 0.05), the levels of glutathione (GSH) were remarkably increased (P < 0.05). The activities of glutathione peroxidase (GSHPx), the contents of malon dialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) were significantly reduced (P < 0.01). The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) were increased in liver. The liver histological damages of experimental diabetic mice treated with C. aurantium extract were abated in comparison with the experimental diabetic mice under light microscope observation.
CONCLUSION:
It was suggested that the extract of C. aurantium could effectively enhance the liver antioxidant function and decrease hepatocyte damages....(more)
Jiao S, et al. Wei Sheng Yan Jiu 2007 Nov;36(6):689-92. Chinese.
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