- 1. Mitragynine attenuates withdrawal syndrome in morphine-withdrawn zebrafish.
A major obstacle in treating drug addiction is the severity of opiate withdrawal syndrome, which can lead to unwanted relapse. Mitragynine is the major alkaloid compound found in leaves of Mitragyna speciosa, a plant widely used by opiate addicts to mitigate the harshness of drug withdrawal. A series of experiments was conducted to investigate the effect of mitragynine on anxiety behavior, cortisol level and expression of stress pathway related genes in zebrafish undergoing morphine withdrawal phase. Adult zebrafish were subjected to two weeks chronic morphine exposure at 1.5 mg/L, followed by withdrawal for 24 hours prior to tests. Using the novel tank diving tests, we first showed that morphine-withdrawn zebrafish display anxiety-related swimming behaviors such as decreased exploratory behavior and increased erratic movement. Morphine withdrawal also elevated whole-body cortisol levels, which confirms the phenotypic stress-like behaviors. Exposing morphine-withdrawn fish to mitragynine however attenuates majority of the stress-related swimming behaviors and concomitantly lower whole-body cortisol level. Using real-time PCR gene expression analysis, we also showed that mitragynine reduces the mRNA expression of corticotropin releasing factor receptors and prodynorphin in zebrafish brain during morphine withdrawal phase, revealing for the first time a possible link between mitragynine's ability to attenuate anxiety during opiate withdrawal with the stress-related corticotropin pathway....(more)
Khor BS, et al. PLoS One 2011;6(12):e28340.
Related Products: Gambir Plant Extract
- 2. Antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of Trigonopleura malayana resin in experimental animal models.
Trigonopleura malayana L. (Euphorbiaceae) resin, locally known as Gambir Sarawak, has been used traditionally to alleviate pain associated with insect bites, muscle ache, toothache and minor injuries. The present study was carried out using various animal models to determine the antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities of the T. malayana resin aqueous extract. Antinociceptive activity was measured using the abdominal constriction, hot plate and formalin tests, while antiinflammatory activity was measured using the carrageenan-induced paw edema test. The extract, obtained after 24 h of soaking the dried resin in distilled water, was prepared in doses of 0.3, 3 and 10 mg/kg and administered subcutaneously 30 min prior to the assays. The mechanism of action was also determined by prechallenging with naloxone (10 mg/kg), a nonselective opioid antagonist. The extract was found to exhibit significant (P < 0.05) and dose-dependent antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities; naloxone failed to inhibit the former activity. In conclusion, the aqueous extract of T. malayana resin possesses nonopioid antinociceptive and antiinflammatory activities, thus supporting previous claims regarding its traditional use by the Malays to treat various ailments, particularly those related to pain.
Copyright 2008 Prous Science, S.A.U. or its licensors. All rights reserved....(more)
Sulaiman MR, et al. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 2008 Nov;30(9):691-6.
Related Products: Gambir Plant Extract
- 3. [The history of tooth dyeing].
While tooth dyeing is a disappearing custom, the pharmaceutical benefits of paan in India are now being studied for other reasons. The oral carcinogenicity of betel nuts, the traditional ingredient in paan, however, has been causing paan users to replace betel with canari or lime. As a consequence of this trend, the pharmaceutical interest of paan is no longer in betel, but in the health-promoting properties of Uncaria gambir. This article has been prepared as an interim record of the progress of the author's research into this field, and was presented in the December 2006 meeting of the [symbol see text]....(more)
Sugiyama S. Yakushigaku Zasshi 2007;42(1):28-33. Japanese.
Related Products: Gambir Plant Extract
- 4. [Evaluation of gambir quality based on quantitative analysis of polyphenolic constituents].
Gambir (asen'yaku in Japanese), an aqueous extract of leaves and young twigs of Uncaria gambir Roxb., has traditionally been used as a treatment for diarrhea and dysentery as an internal medicine and for sore throat as a gargle. Although it is a pharmacopoeic medicine in Japan, the quantitative evaluation of its constituents has not yet been adopted in the Japanese pharmacopoeia. We analyzed polyphenolic constituents in 31 gambir and related products to establish evaluation methods, since gambir contains large amounts of polyphenolic constituents. The total flavan contents in the samples revealed using the vanillin-HCl estimation method ranged from 24-79%. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) analysis indicated that catechin was the most abundant constituent in each sample, with contents in the range of 7-76%. The catechin contents in the gambir products between the first and third quartiles were 28-54%. Thus, the lower limit of the catechin content in gambir products can be set at around 20% for quality management. Fifteen tested samples were subjected to HPLC analysis to show the presence of epicatechin (1.5% on average) and the dimeric compounds procyanidin B1, procyanidin B3, and gambiriin A1 (ca. 1% each). The molecular weight distributions of polymeric flavans in the gambir products were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and showed that the average degree of polymerization for each sample was 3 to 7. These results indicate that the combination of the vanillin-HCl method, RP-HPLC analysis, and GPC analysis gives valuable information for evaluating the polyphenolic profiles of gambir products....(more)
Taniguchi S, et al. Yakugaku Zasshi 2007 Aug;127(8):1291-300. Japanese.
Related Products: Gambir Plant Extract
- 5. Revised structures of gambiriins A1, A2, B1, and B2, chalcane-flavan dimers from gambir (Uncaria gambir extract).
Gambir, the aqueous extract from Uncaria gambir (Rubiaceae), has been used as an astringent medicine in Asian countries. Investigation of the constituents in the extract led to the isolation of four chalcane-flavan dimers, gambiriin A1 (6), A2 (7), B1 (8), and B2 (9), in addition to (+)-catechin (1), (+)-epicatechin (2), and dimeric proanthocyanidins, procyanidin B1 (3), procyanidin B3 (4), and gambiriin C (5). The spectroscopic and chemical data obtained in the present study indicated that their previously proposed structures 6a, 7a, 8a, and 9a should be revised to 6, 7, 8, and 9, respectively....(more)
Taniguchi S, et al. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2007 Feb;55(2):268-72.
Related Products: Gambir Plant Extract
- 6. Effect of dietary Garcinia cambogia extract on serum essential minerals (calcium, phosphorus, magnesium) and trace elements (iron, copper, zinc) in rats fed with high-lipid diet.
The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Garcinia cambogia extract on serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) concentrations in rats fed with the normal or the high-lipid and -cholesterol diet. Thirty 1-year-old female Sprague-Dawley rats (pathogen-free), weighing an average of 229 g, were randomly assigned to three experimental groups of ten animals each. Diets and tap water were given ad libitum for 75 days. Group 1 (control group) was fed with basal diet (2 % liquid vegetable oil, 0 % cholesterol), while the diets of groups 2 and 3 contained vegetable oil (2 % liquid vegetable oil and 5 % hydrogenated vegetable oil) and cholesterol (3 %) in high levels. 4,5 % G. cambogia extract containing 65 % HCA was added to the diet of group 3 as from day 45. Blood samples were withdrawn on days 0, 45 and 75. Serum mineral levels were analyzed using standard enzymatic colorimetric methods with a spectrophotometer. All significant differences were p<0.05. Serum Ca levels were not significantly different between all groups on days 45 and 75. Serum P level was significantly higher in the group fed with high-lipid diet and G. cambogia extract than in the control group on day 45. Serum Mg level was significantly higher in group 2 than in the control group on day 45. Serum Fe levels were significantly lower in the control group than in the other groups on days 45 and 75. Serum Zn level of the group fed with high-lipid diet and G. cambogia extract was significantly higher than in the control group on day 75. Serum Cu levels were significantly higher in group 2 than in the control group, and in group 3 than in group 2 on day 75. In conclusion, a diet containing the high fat amounts may lead to the increase in circular levels of some minerals due to the short-chain fatty acid production lowering the luminal pH which increases mineral solubility, or serving as a fuel for mucosal cells and stimulating cell proliferation in the large intestine. G. cambogia extract may be used in the P and Cu deficiencies due to increases resulting in the present P and Cu amounts in G. cambogia extract, or the use of phytate P in diet. It was hoped that with further evidence-based study this product will enter to mainstream medicines....(more)
Gürsel FE, et al. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012 Sep;148(3):378-82.
Related Products: Garcinia Cambogia Extract
- 7. Does Glycine max leaves or Garcinia Cambogia promote weight-loss or lower plasma cholesterol in overweight individuals: a randomized control trial.
BACKGROUND:
Natural food supplements with high flavonoid content are often claimed to promote weight-loss and lower plasma cholesterol in animal studies, but human studies have been more equivocal. The aim of this study was firstly to determine the effectiveness of natural food supplements containing Glycine max leaves extract (EGML) or Garcinia cambogia extract (GCE) to promote weight-loss and lower plasma cholesterol. Secondly to examine whether these supplements have any beneficial effect on lipid, adipocytokine or antioxidant profiles.
METHODS:
Eighty-six overweight subjects (Male:Female = 46:40, age: 20~50 yr, BMI > 23 < 29) were randomly assigned to three groups and administered tablets containing EGML (2 g/day), GCE (2 g/day) or placebo (starch, 2 g/day) for 10 weeks. At baseline and after 10 weeks, body composition, plasma cholesterol and diet were assessed. Blood analysis was also conducted to examine plasma lipoproteins, triglycerides, adipocytokines and antioxidants.
RESULTS:
EGML and GCE supplementation failed to promote weight-loss or any clinically significant change in %body fat. The EGML group had lower total cholesterol after 10 weeks compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). EGML and GCE had no effect on triglycerides, non-HDL-C, adipocytokines or antioxidants when compared to placebo supplementation. However, HDL-C was higher in the EGML group (p < 0.001) after 10 weeks compared to the placebo group.
CONCLUSIONS:
Ten weeks of EGML or GCE supplementation did not promote weight-loss or lower total cholesterol in overweight individuals consuming their habitual diet. Although, EGML did increase plasma HDL-C levels which is associated with a lower risk of atherosclerosis....(more)
Kim JE, et al. Nutr J 2011 Sep 21;10:94.
Related Products: Garcinia Cambogia Extract
- 8. Attenuation of colitis injury in rats using Garcinia cambogia extract.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are chronic enteropathies that probably result from a dysregulated mucosal immune response. These pathologies are characterized by oxidative and nitrosative stress, leukocyte infiltration and up-regulation of pro-inflammatory substances. Current IBD treatment presents limitations in both efficacy and safety that stimulated the search for new active compounds. Garcinia cambogia extract has attracted interest due to its pharmacological properties, including gastroprotective effects. In this study, the antiinflammatory activity of a garcinia extract was assessed in TNBS-induced colitis rats. The results obtained revealed that garcinia administration to colitic rats significantly improved the macroscopic damage and caused substantial reductions in increases in MPO activity, COX-2 and iNOS expression. In addition, garcinia extract treatment was able to reduce PGE(2) and IL-1beta colonic levels. These antiinflammatory actions could be related to a reduction in DNA damage in isolated colonocytes, observed with the comet assay. Finally, garcinia extract caused neither mortality nor toxicity signals after oral administration. As such, the antiinflammatory effects provided by the Garcinia cambogia extract result in an improvement of several parameters analysed in experimental colitis and could provide a source for the search for new antiinflammatory compounds useful in IBD treatment....(more)
dos Reis SB, et al. Phytother Res 2009 Mar;23(3):324-9.
Related Products: Garcinia Cambogia Extract
- 9. Effects of Garcinia cambogia extract on serum sex hormones in overweight subjects.
(-) Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), an active ingredient extracted from the Garcinia cambogia fruit rind, has been commonly used as a dietary supplement for weight management. Given the controversy over HCA related testicular toxicity in animal studies, we investigated changes in serum sex hormones levels as an extension of our previous double-blind placebo-controlled trial in human subjects, in which 44 participants received either G. cambogia extract (1667.3 mg/day equivalent to 1000 mg HCA/day) or placebo for 12 weeks. Compared to the placebo group, administration of the extract did not significantly alter the serum testosterone, estrone, and estradiol levels. Similarly, hematology, serum triacylglycerol and serum clinical pathology parameters did not reveal any significant adverse effects. The results of this preliminary investigation indicate that ingestion of G. cambogia extract at dose levels commonly recommended for human use does not affect serum sex hormone levels and blood parameters....(more)
Hayamizu K, et al. Fitoterapia 2008 Jun;79(4):255-61.
Related Products: Garcinia Cambogia Extract
- 10. Effects on the Human Body of a Dietary Supplement Containing L-Carnitine and Garcinia cambogia Extract: A Study using Double-blind Tests.
The effect of a dietary supplement with L-carnitine (600 mg/day) and Garcinia cambogia extract (500 mg/day as hydroxycitric acid) as main ingredients was studied in 35 healthy volunteers {48.3 +/- 6.9 years, body mass index (BMI): 26.3 +/- 1.7} in a double-blind test (18 subjects in the Test Group and 17 in the Control Group). The yearly examination includes the standard yearly medical tests done in Japan, tests for assessing hormonal age, and a survey for assessing physical and mental fitness of the subjects, called the Anti-Aging QOL Common Questionnaire (AAQol). Use of this supplement significantly improved the level of lipid peroxides (-12.8%) in the blood as well as physical symptoms such as "tired eyes," "blurry eyes," "muscle pain/stiffness," "early satiety," "epigastralgia," "dizziness," "arthralgia" and "easily breaking into a sweat." The Control Group showed a significantly favorable improvement rate, especially for "dizziness." On the other hand, groups of subjects using the test compounds saw a significant rise in total cholesterol (4.5%), fasting blood sugar (4.1%) and HbA1c (3.4%). Our findings suggest that the consumption of the supplement can reduce the oxidative damage; however, the effect on QOL was equivocal. Garcinia cambogia extract did not show dietary efficacy....(more)
Yonei Y, et al. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2008 Mar;42(2):89-103.
Related Products: Garcinia Cambogia Extract
- 11. Garcinia cambogia extract ameliorates visceral adiposity in C57BL/6J mice fed on a high-fat diet.
The aim of present study is to evaluate the effects of Garcinia cambogia on the mRNA levels of the various genes involved in adipogenesis, as well as on body weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, and other biochemical markers of obesity in obesity-prone C57BL/6J mice. Consumption of the Garcinia cambogia extract effectively lowered the body weight gain, visceral fat accumulation, blood and hepatic lipid concentrations, and plasma insulin and leptin levels in a high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity mouse model. The Garcinia cambogia extract reversed the HFD-induced changes in the expression pattern of such epididymal adipose tissue genes as adipocyte protein aP2 (aP2), sterol regulatory element-binding factor 1c (SREBP1c), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2 (PPARgamma2), and CCAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha (C/EBPalpha). These findings suggest that the Garcinia cambogia extract ameliorated HFD-induced obesity, probably by modulating multiple genes associated with adipogenesis, such as aP2, SREBP1c, PPARgamma2, and C/EBPalpha in the visceral fat tissue of mice....(more)
Kim KY, et al. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008 Jul;72(7):1772-80.
Related Products: Garcinia Cambogia Extract
- 12. Evaluation of the pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of Garcinia cambogia plus Amorphophallus konjac for the treatment of obesity.
Hydroxycitric acid (HCA), the main compound of Garcinia cambogia extract, is a competitive blocker of ATP-citrate-lyase, presenting a potential inhibition of fatty acid biosynthesis. Glucomannan fibers, abundant in Amorphophallus konjac, seem to reduce the absorption kinetics of dietary fat. Therefore, the aim of this double-blind randomized study was to evaluate the pharmacotherapeutic efficacy of standardized extracts of G. cambogia (52.4% HCA) plus A. konjac (94.9% glucomannan) in the treatment of obesity. Fifty-eight obese subjects (BMI 30.0-39.9 kg/m(2)) were assigned to the placebo group (n = 26) or the treatment group (n = 32); no dietary restrictions were applied. Over a 12-week period, subjects were given daily doses of either Garcinia (2.4 g) plus Konjac (1.5 g) or placebo prior to their main meals (3 times/day). Before the start of treatment, and every 4 weeks thereafter, the following were recorded: height, weight, circumferences and body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), lipid profile and glucose levels. The treatment had no significant effect on anthropometric parameters, REE, triglycerides or glucose levels. However, a significant reduction was observed in total cholesterol (-32.0 +/- 35.1 mg/dL) and LDL-c levels (-28.7 +/- 32.7 mg/dL) in the treated group, the final levels being significantly lower than those of the placebo group (p = 0.008 and p = 0.020, respectively). The results obtained suggest that the treatment had a significant hypocholesterolemic effect, without influencing the anthropometric or calorimetric parameters tested....(more)
Vasques CA, et al. Phytother Res 2008 Sep;22(9):1135-40.
Related Products: Garcinia Cambogia Extract
- 13. A mixture of the aqueous extract of Garcinia cambogia, soy peptide and L: -carnitine reduces the accumulation of visceral fat mass in rats rendered obese by a high fat diet.
The aim of the present study was to investigate the anti-obesity effect of a mixture composed of Garcinia cambogia extract, soypeptide, and L: -carnitine (1.2:0.3:0.02, w/w/w) in rats rendered obese by a high-fat diet (HFD). Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either the high-fat control diet (CD) or the 0.38% mixture-supplemented HFD (CD + M) for 9 weeks. The mixture significantly reduced body weight gain and the accumulation of visceral fat mass in a rat model of HFD-induced obesity. Moreover, the mixture effectively lowered blood and hepatic lipid concentrations and serum glucose, insulin, c-peptide, and leptin levels in rats with HFD-induced obesity. Results from real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses indicated that the expression levels of leptin, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c (SREBP1c) genes in the epididymal fat tissue of rats fed the CD + M diet were 0.4-, 0.6-, and 0.48-fold, respectively, of those found in the CD rats (P < 0.05), while expression of the uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) gene in epididymal adipose tissue was 1.25-fold (P < 0.05) of that found in CD rats. In conclusion, a mixture composed of G. cambogia extract, soy peptide, and L: -carnitine attenuated visceral fat accumulation and improved dyslipidemia in a rat model with HFD-induced obesity....(more)
Kim YJ, et al. Genes Nutr 2008 Feb;2(4):353-8.
Related Products: Garcinia Cambogia Extract
- 14. Efficacy of Slim339 in reducing body weight of overweight and obese human subjects.
A double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study has been carried out in order to evaluate the effect of orally self-administered Slim339, a proprietary fixed combination of Garcinia cambogia extract with calcium pantothenate (standardized for the content of hydroxycitric acid and pantothenic acid) and extracts of Matricaria chamomilla, Rosa damascena, Lavandula officinalis and Cananga odorata, on body weight in overweight and obese volunteers. During a 60-day treatment period, the average reduction in body weight for the group receiving Slim339 (n = 30) was 4.67% compared with 0.63% for the placebo group (n = 28) (p < 0.0001). Weight losses of >or=3 kg were recorded for 23 subjects in the treatment group and only one in the placebo group. It is concluded that Slim339 represents a potential therapy for obesity....(more)
Toromanyan E, et al. Phytother Res 2007 Dec;21(12):1177-81.
Related Products: Garcinia Cambogia Extract
- 15. Traditional Japanese herbal (kampo) medicines and treatment of ocular diseases: a review.
Herbal medicines have been used clinically in Eastern Asia, and traditional Japanese herbal (Kampo) formulas are approved as ethical drugs. The Kampo formulas are mixtures of the crude extracts of several herbs, each of which contains multiple components. Numerous investigators have reported that some herbal medicines are efficacious for treating several human diseases. We reviewed the literature on traditional herbal medicines and treatment of ocular diseases. Oral Orengedoku-to and Kakkon-to inhibit postoperative uveitis in humans. Oral Goshajinki-gan improved ocular surface disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Oral Hachimijio-gan increased retinal blood flow. Keishi-bukuryo-gan Sho might be associated with vitreoretinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Oral Hachimijio-gan and Goshajinki-gan delayed lens opacification in rats and mice. Oral Sairei-to, Orengedoku-to, Senkanmeimoku-to, Scutellariae radix extract, Gardeniae fructus extract, topical Liguisticum wallichii rhizoma extract, and intravenous injection of tetramethylpyrazine, baicalin, baicalein, wogonin, and crocetin inhibited some forms of experimental uveitis in rabbits. Topical glycyrrhizinate improved allergic conjunctivitis in humans and rats. Oral crocetin improved eyestrain in humans. Oral berberine diminished experimental uveitis in rats. Baicalein, wogonin, berberine, and berberrubine inhibited in vitro expression of several cytokines in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Some Kampo formulas are efficacious for treating several ocular diseases in humans and animals. Some herbal extracts and their components inhibit some forms of experimental uveitis....(more)
Hayasaka S, et al. Am J Chin Med 2012;40(5):887-904.
Related Products: Gardeniae Fructus Extract
- 16. Effects of Gardeniae Fructus extract and geniposide on promoting ligament cell proliferation and collagen synthesis.
Gardeniae Fructus is a traditional medicine used for the treatment of contusion such as ankle sprain. Geniposide is one of the main components of Gardeniae Fructus with diverse biological activities. In order to gain further insight into the therapeutic action of Gardeniae Fructus extract (GFE) and geniposide on ligament injuries, a new in vitro model was developed in the present study. Rat hind ankle ligament fibroblasts (RHALFs) derived from Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured, and the cell proliferation and collagen content were examined by MTT and a Sirius Red-based colorimetric assay after stimulating with each drug. The cell growth of RHALFs was promoted by culturing with 37.5-150 microg/mL of GFE and 25-200 microM of geniposide. The content of collagen in the RHALFs was significantly increased up to 131.4% and 124.2% of the control value by culturing with the GFE and geniposide, respectively. By contrast, both cell growth and collagen content were impaired by adding 25-200 microM of diclofenac, one of the common medications for ligament injuries. The findings suggest that GFE and geniposide may ameliorate the treatment of ligament injuries by proliferating ligament fibroblasts and promoting the synthesis of collagen. However, the use of diclofenac to treat acute ligament injuries should be reassessed although it possesses a potential effect on relieving symptoms....(more)
Chen QC, et al. Phytother Res 2010 Jan;24 Suppl 1:S1-5.
Related Products: Gardeniae Fructus Extract
- 17. The effect of hydrolyzed gardeniae fructus extract hydrogel on the treatment of ecchymoses in a rat model.
BACKGROUND:
Gardeniae fructus (GF) has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammatory disease.
OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the therapeutic effect of GF gel on the resolution of ecchymoses in rats.
METHODS AND MATERIALS:
Fifty hind limbs (in 25 Sprague-Dawley rats) were evaluated. The ecchymoses were produced by dropping a 100-g weight from a height of 20 cm on the posterior side of the hind limbs 25 times. Then, 0.5 g of hydrolyzed GF extracted gel was applied to the right hind limbs and 0.5 g of gel without GF extract powder was applied to the left hind limbs. The area of the ecchymosis was measured, and histological analysis was performed.
RESULTS:
The area affected by the ecchymosis after 5 days was 15% in the control group and 2% in the GF gel group (p=.002). The mean duration for the ecchymosis was 5.8 days in the control group and 4.5 days in the GF gel group. The extravasated red blood cells and inflammation were less prominent in the GF gel group than in the control group.
CONCLUSION:
The results of this study showed that hydrolyzed gel of GF extract, containing genipin, was effective for the treatment of ecchymoses in a rat model....(more)
Hwang K, et al. Dermatol Surg 2009 Oct;35(10):1525-31.
Related Products: Gardeniae Fructus Extract
- 18. A sensitive liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for simultaneous quantification of six iridoid glycosides from Zhi-zi-chi Decoction in rat plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study.
A sensitive liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric (LC-MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of geniposide, geniposidic acid, scandoside methyl ester, gardenoside, deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester and genipin-1-β-gentiobioside after oral administration of Zhi-zi-chi Decoction in rat plasma. The six iridoid glycosides were extracted from plasma samples by protein precipitation, and then separated on an Apollo C18 column (250mm×4.6mm, 5μm) through the application of a gradient elution. The analytes were monitored in positive electrospray ionization by selected ion monitoring mode (SIM). The lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) of the six analytes were all lower than 6ng/mL. The accuracy (relative error, RE%) was between -7.0% and 9.9%, while the intra- and inter-day precisions (relative standard deviation, RSD%) were less than 6.3% and 9.8% for the six analytes, respectively. The developed method was successfully applied to a comparative pharmacokinetic study of the six iridoids in rat plasma after oral administration of Zhi-zi-chi Decoction and Gardenia jasminoides extract....(more)
Qu K, et al. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013 May 5;78-79:83-91.
Related Products: Gardenoside
- 19. Novel pharmacokinetic studies of the Chinese formula Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang in MCAO rats.
Our previous studies showed that after oral administration of an Huang-Lian-Jie-Du-Tang (HLJDT) decoction, there is a higher concentration of the pure components, berberine, baicalin and gardenoside in the plasma of Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) rats than in sham-operated rats, The aim of the present study was to determine whether these components could be reliably measured in MCAO rat tissues. First, the plasma concentration-time profiles of berberine, palmatine, baicalin, baicalein and gardenoside were characterised in MCAO rats after oral administration of the aqueous extract of HLJDT. Subsequently, liver, lung and kidney tissues were obtained from sudden death MCAO rats in the absorption phase (0.25h), the distribution phase (1.0h) and the elimination phase (8.0h) after administration of the HLJDT aqueous extract. An HPLC method was developed and validated for the determination of the distribution characteristics of berberine, palmatine, baicalin, baicalein and gardenoside simultaneously from the above-mentioned rat tissues. The results indicated that berberine, palmatine, baicalin and baicalein distributed rapidly and accumulated at high levels in the lung, while gardenoside distributed widely in the lung and the kidney. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report to describe the distribution of the active ingredients derived from HLJDT in MCAO rat tissues. The tissue distribution results provide a biopharmaceutical basis for the design of the clinic application of HLJDT in cerebrovascular disease....(more)
Zhu H, et al. Phytomedicine 2013 Apr 27.
Related Products: Gardenoside
- 20. [Simultaneous determination of eight iridoid glycosides in Gardeniae fructus by HPLC].
OBJECTIVE:
To establish an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of eight iridiods in Gardeniae Fructus.
METHOD:
Kromasil C18 column (4. 6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm) was adopted, with acetonitrile-water-trifluoroacetic acid (6:94: 0.05) as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The detection wavelength was set at 238 nm, and the column temperature was 40 degrees C.
RESULT:
The linear ranges of geniposide, gardoside, shanzhiside, geniposidic acid, deacetyl asperulosidic acid methyl ester, gardenoside, scandoside methyl ester, and genipin gentiobioside were 1.5036 - 15.036, 0.04256 - 0.4256, 0.1038 - 1.038, 0.00992 - 0.0992, 0.02332 - 0.2332, 0.4128 - 4.128, 0.02040 - 0.2040 and 0.4656 - 4.656 microg, respectively. Their average recoveries were 99.6% , 100.6% , 101.2%, 99.5%, 100.3% , 98.7%, 99.8% and 100.1%, respectively.
CONCLUSION:
The method shows good separation and it is so simple, accurate and highly repeatable that it can be used for providing basis for quality control of Gardeniae Fructus....(more)
Liu W, et al. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2012 Aug;37(16):2417-21. Chinese.
Related Products: Gardenoside
- 21. [Comparision of adsorption-desorption dynamics of huanglian jiedu decoction using different macroporous resins combinations].
OBJECTIVE:
To establish the techniques for the purification of Huanglian Jiedu decoction by macroporous resins combinations, and to lay the foundation of improvement of dosage forms in clinical application and realization of industrialized production about Huanglian Jiedu decoction.
METHOD:
Four kinds of macroporous resins (X-5, S-8, HPD100, AB-8) were chosen and combined in six different forms. Adsorption and desorption experiments were carried out and contents of six index constituents, gardenoside, baicalin, palmatine, berberine, baicalein and wogonin, in different groups were compared before and after purification.
RESULT:
Adsorption rates of six index constituents in Huanglian Jiedu decoction of different combinations of macroporous resins groups were all nearly 100%, but desorption rates had remarkable differences.
CONCLUSION:
Through comprehensive comparison, macroporous resins combination 6 resulted in high contents of index suitable relatively. It is suitable for purification of Huanglian Jiedu decoction....(more)
Qiu B, et al. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2011 Aug;36(15):2056-60. Chinese.
Related Products: Gardenoside
- 22. Iridoid glycosides from Gardeniae Fructus for treatment of ankle sprain.
The iridoid glycosides, genipin 1-O-beta-D-isomaltoside (1) and genipin 1,10-di-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (2), together with six known iridoid glycosides, genipin 1-O-beta-D-gentiobioside (3), geniposide (4), scandoside methyl ester (5), deacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester (6), 6-O-methyldeacetylasperulosidic acid methyl ester (7), and gardenoside (8) were isolated from an EtOH extract of Gardeniae Fructus. The structures and relative stereochemistries of the metabolites were elucidated on the basis of 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopic techniques, high-resolution mass spectrometry, and chemical evidence. Geniposide (4), one of the main compounds of Gardeniae Fructus, was tested for treatment of ankle sprain using an ankle sprain model in rats. From the second to fifth day, the geniposide (4) (100mg/ml) treated group exhibited significant differences (p<0.01) with approximately 21-34% reduction in swelling ratio compared with those of the vehicle treated control group. This indicated the potential effect of geniposide (4) for the treatment of disorders such as ankle sprain....(more)
Chen QC, et al. Phytochemistry 2009 Apr;70(6):779-84.
Related Products: Gardenoside
- 23. [Ultrafiltration process of model system of Huanglian Jiedu decoction].
OBJECTIVE:
The UF process of model systerm of Huanglian Jiedu decoction is researched in the study to lay a foundation for the exploring of the substance foudation of membrane fouling, and for the the optimal design of membrane technology in the production of Chinese drugs preparation.
METHOD:
Using the membrane flux, fouling degree of membrane, preserving degree and adsorption capacity of effective materials as guide line, trying to find out the influence of macromolecule materials on small molecules in Huanglian Jiedu decoction.
RESULT:
The two small molecules berberine and gardenoside in Huanglian Jiedu decoction have high permeation rate. But for the reasons of interaction of macromolecule, the permeation rate of small molecules reduced greatly, membrane fouling and membrane flux declined intensify.
CONCLUSION:
Starch and pectin are the two main macromolecule materials in Huanglian Jiedu decoction which cause membrane fouling and flux falling....(more)
Dong J, et al. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2009 Oct;34(19):2458-62. Chinese.
Related Products: Gardenoside
- 24. Isolation and purification of iridoid glycosides from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis by isocratic reversed-phase two-dimensional preparative high-performance liquid chromatography with column switch technology.
A two-dimensional column-switching system without sample loop trapping, where two columns were switched directly via a six-port two-position switching valve, was successfully applied for the first time to the isolation and purification of six iridoid glycosides including geniposide, gardenoside, shanzhiside, scandoside methyl ester, deacetyl-asperulosidic acid methyl ester and genipin-1-beta-D-gentiobioside from Gardenia jasminoides Ellis, a plant used in the traditional Chinese medicine. The introduction of the six-port switching valve instead of sample loop assured 100% recovery from the first dimension to the second, and the injection volumes of the second dimension could reach 20 ml. In this mode of operation, the sample size of the two-dimensional approach was more than 1.3 times that of conventional gradient methods with even less solvent consumption. And the simultaneous operations of the two dimensions allowed the cycle time to be less than 19 min, compared with that (90 min) in the gradient elution single-dimension mode of operation. All of the six isolated iridoid glycosides were isolated at high purities of over 99% with approximately 96% recoveries....(more)
Zhou T, et al. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007 Oct 15;858(1-2):296-301.
Related Products: Gardenoside
- 25. Aged garlic extract restores nitric oxide bioavailability in cultured human endothelial cells even under conditions of homocysteine elevation.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
Supplementation with aged garlic extract (AGE) has been shown to restore impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilator response in subjects with acutely elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels after an oral methionine load and in patients with chronic coronary artery disease. Moreover, AGE has been shown to inhibit the progression of coronary calcifications in patients with coronary artery disease. The molecular mechanisms, by which AGE preserves endothelial function is unknown. Our objective was to explore whether AGE preserves endothelial nitric oxide (NO) output even under conditions of elevated Hcy levels by preventing oxidative inactivation of the NO synthase cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Endothelial (EA.hy 926) cells were incubated with hypoxanthine, aminopterin, thymidine and methionine (HAT/MET) to increase cellular Hcy levels, and with and without AGE. Agonist stimulated NO output was measured using the fluorescent probe DAF-2, and cellular thiol levels (Hcy, cysteine, reduced and oxidized glutathione) and cellular tetrahydrobiopterin levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography.
RESULTS:
HAT/MET incubation resulted in significantly increased cellular Hcy levels, unaffected by coincubation with AGE. Elevated Hcy went along with significantly decreased NO output (to 34.4 ± 4.4% of control) and levels of tetrahydrobiopterin (from 4.67 ± 2.17 to 2.17 ± 0.97 pmol/mg). Incubation with AGE (5mg/mL) in HAT/MET-treated cells prevented the declines in NO output and tetrahydrobiopterin levels. AGE increased cellular levels of cysteine and total glutathione, and prevented glutathione and tetrahydrobiopterin oxidation induced by elevated Hcy.
CONCLUSION:
Incubation with AGE preserved normal NO output from endothelial cells even under conditions of elevated Hcy levels by increasing cellular thiol antioxidant and prevention of tetrahydrobiopterin oxidation. This suggests that AGE might be useful in the prevention of endothelial dysfunction.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Weiss N, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2013 Jan 9;145(1):162-7.
Related Products: Garlic Extract
- 26. Aged garlic extract reduces blood pressure in hypertensives: a dose-response trial.
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:
Hypertension affects about 30% of adults worldwide. Garlic has blood pressure-lowering properties and the mechanism of action is biologically plausible. Our trial assessed the effect, dose-response, tolerability and acceptability of different doses of aged garlic extract as an adjunct treatment to existing antihypertensive medication in patients with uncontrolled hypertension.
SUBJECTS/METHODS:
A total of 79 general practice patients with uncontrolled systolic hypertension participated in a double-blind randomised placebo-controlled dose-response trial of 12 weeks. Participants were allocated to one of three garlic groups with either of one, two or four capsules daily of aged garlic extract (240/480/960 mg containing 0.6/1.2/2.4 mg of S-allylcysteine) or placebo. Blood pressure was assessed at 4, 8 and 12 weeks and compared with baseline using a mixed-model approach. Tolerability was monitored throughout the trial and acceptability was assessed at 12 weeks by questionnaire.
RESULTS:
Mean systolic blood pressure was significantly reduced by 11.8±5.4 mm Hg in the garlic-2-capsule group over 12 weeks compared with placebo (P=0.006), and reached borderline significant reduction in the garlic-4-capsule group at 8 weeks (-7.4±4.1 mm Hg, P=0.07). Changes in systolic blood pressure in the garlic-1-capsule group and diastolic blood pressure were not significantly different to placebo. Tolerability, compliance and acceptability were high in all garlic groups (93%) and highest in the groups taking one or two capsules daily.
CONCLUSIONS:
Our trial suggests aged garlic extract to be an effective and tolerable treatment in uncontrolled hypertension, and may be considered as a safe adjunct treatment to conventional antihypertensive therapy....(more)
Ried K, et al. Eur J Clin Nutr 2013 Jan;67(1):64-70.
Related Products: Garlic Extract
- 27. Antioxidant action and therapeutic efficacy of Allium sativum L.
Allium sativum (L.) is rich in antioxidants which help destroy free radicals particles that can damage cell membranes and DNA, and may contribute to the aging process as well as the development of a number of conditions, including heart disease and cancer. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals and may reduce or even help prevent some of the damage they cause over time. The antioxidant activity of fresh Allium sativum L. (garlic) is well known and is mainly due to unstable and irritating organosulphur compounds. Fresh garlic extracted over a prolonged period (up to 20 months) produces odourless aged garlic extract (AGE) containing stable and water soluble organosulphur compounds that prevent oxidative damage by scavenging free radicals. The aim of this review was to understand the mechanism of antioxidant action and therapeutic efficacy of garlic....(more)
Capasso A. Molecules 2013 Jan 4;18(1):690-700.
Related Products: Garlic Extract
- 28. Effects of garlic on Schistosoma mansoni harbored in albino mice: molecular characterization of the host and parasite.
Garlic has been used for its health benefits for thousands of years. Modern research confirmed many of the healing properties of garlic, including its antiparasitic activity. This study was designed to evaluate the antischistosomal action of garlic through detecting the changes in DNA profile of Schistosoma mansoni worms and the infected mouse. Forty mice were subcutaneously infected with ~200 Schistosoma mansoni cercariae/mouse. Infected mice were divided into four equal groups: non-treated, prophylactic, therapeutic, and continuously-treated. Non-infected control and garlic-treated groups were assigned for the sake of comparison. Garlic extract (50mg/kg bw/mouse) was given orally, day after day, at a fixed daytime. Seven weeks post-infection, adult schistosomes were recovered by perfusion and the livers of the mice were excised out and were processed for DNA extraction and Random Amplification of Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RAPD-PCR). The results showed that garlic exerted no major changes in the genome of schistosomes. Nevertheless, that schistosomal infection induced genetic alterations in the DNA of mice, and garlic was able to ameliorate such alterations to a great extent....(more)
Riad NH, et al. Gene 2013 Apr 15;518(2):287-91.
Related Products: Garlic Extract
- 29. HPLC-MTT assay: Anticancer activity of aqueous garlic extract is from allicin.
A strategy using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), thin layer chromatography (TLC), mass spectrometry (MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), chemical synthesis, and MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) cell viability assay to identify allicin as the active anticancer compound in aqueous garlic extract (AGE) is described. Changing the pH of AGE from 7.0 to 5.0 eliminated interfering molecules and enabled a clean HPLC separation of the constituents in AGE. MTT assay of the HPLC fractions identified an active fraction. Further analysis by TLC, MS, and NMR verified the active HPLC fraction as allicin. Chemically synthesized allicin was used to provide further confirmation. The results clearly identify the active compound in AGE as allicin....(more)
Lee J, et al. Anal Biochem 2013 May 15;436(2):187-9.
Related Products: Garlic Extract
- 30. Evidence of Clinically Relevant Efficacy for Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals.
Beyond the well-known effects on blood pressure (BP) of the DASH and the Mediterranean diets, a large number of studies have investigated the possible a BP-lowering effect from different dietary supplements and nutraceuticals, mostly antioxidant agents with a high tolerability and safety profile. In particular, a relatively large body of evidence support the use of potassium, L-arginine, vitamin C, cocoa flavonoids, coenzyme Q10, controlled-release melatonin, and aged garlic extract. However there is a need for data about the long-term safety of a large part of these products. Moreover, further clinical research is advisable to identify between the available active nutraceuticals and those with the best cost-effectiveness and risk-benefit ratio for widespread use in a general population with low added cardiovascular risk related to uncomplicated hypertension....(more)
Cicero AF, et al. Curr Hypertens Rep 2013 Feb 22.
Related Products: Garlic Extract
- 31. In vitro activity-guided identification of antioxidants in aged garlic extract.
Activity-guided fractionation was applied on an aged garlic extract (AGE), reported to show strong antioxidant activity, in order to locate the key in vitro antioxidant ingredients by means of the hydrogen peroxide scavenging (HPS) assay as well as the ORAC assay. Besides the previously reported four tetrahydro-β-carbolines, (1R,3S)- and (1S,3S)-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-3-carboxylic acid and (1R,3S)- and (1S,3S)-1-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline-1,3-dicarboxylic acid, LC-MS/MS, LC-TOF-MS, and 1D/2D-NMR experiments led to the identification of coniferyl alcohol and its dilignols (-)-(2R,3S)-dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, (+)-(2S,3R)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, erythro-guaiacylglycerol-β-O-4'-coniferyl ether, and threo-guaiacylglycerol-β-O-4'-coniferyl ether as the major antioxidants in AGE. The purified individual compounds showed high antioxidant activity, with EC50 values of 9.7-11.8 μM (HPS assay) and 2.60-3.65 μmol TE/μmol (ORAC assay), respectively....(more)
Matsutomo T, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2013 Mar 27;61(12):3059-67.
Related Products: Garlic Extract
- 32. Aged garlic extract with supplement is associated with increase in brown adipose, decrease in white adipose tissue and predict lack of progression in coronary atherosclerosis.
BACKGROUND:
Aged garlic extract with supplement (AGE-S) significantly reduces coronary artery calcium (CAC). We evaluated the effects of AGE-S on change in white (wEAT) and brown (bEAT) epicardial adipose tissue, homocysteine and CAC.
METHODS:
Sixty subjects, randomized to a daily capsule of placebo vs. AGE-S inclusive of aged garlic-extract (250mg) plus vitamin-B12 (100μg), folic-acid (300μg), vitamin-B6 (12.5mg) and l-arginine (100mg) underwent CAC, wEAT and bEAT measurements at baseline and 12months. The postcuff deflation temperature-rebound index of vascular function was assessed using a reactive-hyperemia procedure. Vascular dysfunction was defined according to the tertiles of temperature-rebound at 1year of follow-up. CAC progression was defined as an annual-increase in CAC>15%.
RESULTS:
From baseline to 12months, there was a strong correlation between increase in wEAT and CAC (r<sup>2</sup>=0.54, p=0.0001). At 1year, the risks of CAC progression and increased wEAT and homocysteine were significantly lower in AGE-S to placebo (p<0.05). Similarly, bEAT and temperature-rebound were significantly higher in AGE-S as compared to placebo (p<0.05). Strong association between increase in temperature-rebound and bEAT/wEAT ratio (r<sup>2</sup>=0.80, p=0.001) was noted, which was more robust in AGE-S. Maximum beneficial effect of AGE-S was noted with increase in bEAT/wEAT ratio, temperature-rebound, and lack of progression of homocysteine and CAC.
CONCLUSIONS:
AGE-S is associated with increase in bEAT/wEAT ratio, reduction of homocysteine and lack of progression of CAC. Increases in bEAT/wEAT ratio correlated strongly with increases in vascular function measured by temperature-rebound and predicted a lack of CAC progression and plaque stabilization in response to AGE-S.
Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd....(more)
Ahmadi N, et al. Int J Cardiol 2013 Mar 1.
Related Products: Garlic Extract
- 33. Aged garlic extract improves adiponectin levels in subjects with metabolic syndrome: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover study.
BACKGROUND:
Garlic (Allium sativum) has been shown to have important benefits in individuals at high cardiovascular risk. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of the administration of aged garlic extract (AGE) on the risk factors that constitute the cluster of metabolic syndrome (MS).
METHODS AND DESIGN:
Double-blind, crossover, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess the effect of 1.2 g/day of AGE (Kyolic), for 24 weeks of treatment (12 weeks of AGE and 12 weeks of placebo), on subjects with MS.
RESULTS:
The administration of AGE increased the plasma levels of adiponectin (P = 0.027). No serious side effects associated with the intervention were reported.
CONCLUSION:
The present results have shown for the first time that the administration of AGE for 12 weeks increased plasma adiponectin levels in patients with MS. This suggests that AGE might be a useful, novel, nonpharmacological therapeutic intervention to increase adiponectin and to prevent cardiovascular (CV) complications in individuals with MS....(more)
Gómez-Arbeláez D, et al. Mediators Inflamm 2013;2013:285795.
Related Products: Garlic Extract
- 34. Renoprotective effect of aged garlic extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
OBJECTIVE:
Aged garlic extract (AGE) has been proven to exhibit antioxidant, hypolipidemic, hypoglycemic and antidiabetic properties. However, its effect on diabetic nephropathy was unexplored. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the renoprotective effect of AGE in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Albino Wistar rats were induced with diabetes by a single intraperitoneal injection of 45 mg/kg b.w. of streptozotocin. Commercially available AGE was supplemented orally at a dose of 500 mg/kg body weight/day. Aminoguanidine, which has been proven to be an anti-glycation agent was used as positive control and was supplemented at a dose of 1 g/L in drinking water. The serum and urinary biochemical parameters were analyzed in all the groups and at the end of 12 weeks follow up, the renal histological examination were performed using H & E and PAS staining.
RESULTS:
The diabetic rats showed a significant change in the urine (P < 0.001) and serum (P < 0.01) constituents such as albumin, creatinine, urea nitrogen and glycated hemoglobin. In addition, the serum lipid profile of the diabetic rats were altered significantly (P < 0.05) compared to that of the control rats. However, the diabetic rats supplemented with aged garlic extract restored all these biochemical changes. The efficacy of the extract was substantiated by the histopathological changes in the kidney.
CONCLUSION:
From our results, we conclude that aged garlic extract has the ability to ameliorate kidney damage in diabetic rats and the renoprotective effect of AGE may be attributed to its anti-glycation and hypolipidemic activities....(more)
Shiju TM, et al. Indian J Pharmacol 2013 Jan;45(1):18-23.
Related Products: Garlic Extract
- 35. Simultaneous determination of gastrodin and puerarin in rat plasma by HPLC and the application to their interaction on pharmacokinetics.
Gastrodin (Gas) and puerarin (Pur) are bioactive substances derived from traditional Chinese medicine Gastrodia elata and Radix Puerariae, respectively, which were often used together in Chinese clinical prescriptions. Their injections were used in combined way for treatment of some cardiocerebrovascular diseases in clinic, especially for vertigo due to vertebrobasilar ischemia. In this paper, interaction of gastrodin and puerarin in rat plasma pharmacokinetics via intragastic (i.g.)/intravenous (i.v.) administration was investigated. A reliable HPLC method was developed for simultaneous determination of Gas and Pur in rat plasma with a linear range of 0.101-101 μg/mL for Gas and 0.0500-5.98 μg/mL for Pur (r(2)>0.993). The LLOQ, LOD of Gas and Pur were determined to be 0.101, 0.0486 μg/mL, and 0.05, 0.0245 μg/mL, respectively. The intra-day and inter-day precision were all less than 12.0%, whilst the accuracy were all within 96.4±6.00%. The proposed method has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of the analytes in rats after i.g./i.v. administration of Gas and Pur alone or combined with each other (i.g.: 40 mg/kg Gas, 400 mg/kg Pur; i.v.: 20 mg/kg Gas, 20 mg/kg Pur). Blood samples were collected from retinal vein plexus of rats at predetermined time points and plasma containing the internal standard tyrosol (IS) were precipitated by methanol and chromatography was carried out on a C(18) column with a gradient mobile phase of ACN-H(2)O with 0.05% phosphoric acid as a modifier. The pharmacokinetic profiles of combined administration were found to be distinct from those of given alone. The C(max), T(max), T(1/2), MRT of Gas administrated alone or combined with Pur via i.g. were 21.7 μg/mL, 0.250 h, 2.81 h, 0.830 h and 18.4 μg/mL, 0.550 h, 0.970 h, 1.37 h, respectively, of Pur administrated alone or combined with Gas via i.g. were 0.490 μg/mL, 1.95 h, 1.33 h, 2.10 h and 2.01 μg/mL, 0.570 h, 4.00 h, 5.10 h, respectively. The relative oral bioavailability of Pur in combined administration was 10.7 times as much as that of single administration, whilst 1.52 folds in Gas. These results indicate that co-administration of Gas and Pur is a promising combination to gain higher bioavailability and it is suggested that doctors pay more attention to the dosages of the two when simultaneously using both of them....(more)
Jiang L, et al. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013 Feb 1;915-916:8-12.
Related Products: Gastrodin