- 1. Neuroprotective effects of neolignans isolated from Magnoliae Cortex against glutamate-induced apoptotic stimuli in HT22 cells.
In the course of screening for neuroprotective natural products, Magnoliae Cortex showed potent inhibition of hippocampal neuronal HT22 cell death. Obovatol, honokiol, and magnolol were isolated from the ethanolic extract of Magnoliae Cortex. Isolated compounds obovatol, honokiol, and magnolol were protective against 5mM glutamate-induced cell death. When cells were stressed using glutamate, cell viability decreased to 16.98±4.58% over the control (100.00±10.15%). In contrast, 10μM obovatol, 10μM honokiol, and 50μM magnolol increased cell viability to 91.80±1.70%, 93.59±1.93%, and 85.36±7.40%, respectively. The neuroprotective effects of obovatol and honokiol were attributable to the inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species production, followed by protection of the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), recovery of Bcl-2 and Bid levels, inhibition of apoptosis-inducing factor expression, and phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases such as p38 kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and c-Jun N-terminal kinases. On the contrary, magnolol did not show any significant effect on the ΔΨm and apoptotic factors. Among three compounds, obovatol most strongly scavenged 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals and inhibited the elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species levels in glutamate-stressed HT22 cells. These data suggest that obovatol and honokiol may have clinical applications for preventing neurodegenerative disorders....(more)
Yang EJ, et al. Food Chem Toxicol 2013 Jun;56:304-12.
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- 2. Purification and Characterization of a Novel Small-Molecule Polysaccharide from the Maitake Medicinal Mushroom Grifola frondosa (Higher Basidiomycetes).
A novel small-molecule polysaccharide with a molecular mass of 2.6 kDa, was isolated from the culinary-medicinal Maitake mushroom Grifola frondosa. GFPS is composed of fucose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, and mannose; galactose, glucose, and mannose were the dominant monosaccharides. Absorption peaks at 1077 cm-1, 1024 cm-1, and 873 cm-1, as revealed by infrared spectrum, suggesting that GFPS consists of pyranoside. GFPS significantly enhanced the production of nitric oxide and secretion of cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interleukin-δ) from macrophages in vitro. These results indicate that this novel small-molecule polysaccharide might be beneficial for immune defense....(more)
Zhou C, et al. Int J Med Mushrooms 2013;15(2):145-52.
Related Products: Maitake Mushroom Extract
- 3. Induction of Cell Death in Renal Cell Carcinoma With Combination of D-Fraction and Vitamin C.
Hypothesis. Although several conventional therapeutic options for advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC) are currently available, the unsatisfactory outcomes demand establishing more effective interventions. D-fraction (PDF), a bioactive proteoglucan of Maitake mushroom, demonstrates anticancer and immunomodulatory activities, which are also shown to be potentiated by vitamin C (VC). We thus hypothesized that a combination of PDF and VC (PDF + VC) could be an alternative approach to more effectively inhibit the growth of RCC.
STUDY DESIGN:
We examined the dose-dependent effects of PDF + VC on RCC cell viability and also performed biochemical assays to explore the growth regulatory mechanism.
METHODS:
Human RCC, ACHN cell line, was employed and exposed to varying concentrations of PDF or VC and their combinations. Cell viability at specified times was determined by MTT assay. Lipid peroxidation assay, cell cycle analysis, and Western blot analysis were also performed.
RESULTS:
PDF or VC alone led to the significant reduction in cell viability at 72 hours with PDF >500 µg/mL and VC ≥300 µM. When various combinations of PDF and VC were tested, the combination of the ineffective concentrations of PDF (300 µg/mL) and VC (200 µM) resulted in ∼90% cell death in 24 hours. Lipid peroxidation assay then indicated significantly (∼2.5 fold) elevated oxidative stress with this PDF + VC. Cell cycle analysis also indicated a G(1) cell cycle arrest following a 6-hour PDF + VC treatment. Western blots further revealed a downregulation of Bcl2, an upregulation of Bax, and proteolytic activation of PARP (poly[ADP-ribose] polymerase) in PDF + VC-treated cells, indicating induction of apoptosis.
CONCLUSION:
The present study demonstrates that the combination of PDF and VC can become highly cytotoxic, inducing severe cell death in ACHN cells. This cytotoxic mechanism appears to be primarily attributed to oxidative stress, accompanied by a G(1) cell cycle arrest. Such cell death induced by PDF + VC could be more likely linked to apoptosis, as indicated by the modulation of apoptosis regulators (Bcl2, Bax, and PARP). Therefore, as PDF and VC may work synergistically to induce apoptotic cell death, they may have clinical implications in an alternative, improved therapeutic modality for advanced RCC....(more)
Alexander B, et al. Integr Cancer Ther 2013 Jan 22.
Related Products: Maitake Mushroom Extract
- 4. Fraction SX of maitake mushroom favorably influences blood glucose levels and blood pressure in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
We assessed whether fraction SX derived from maitake mushroom could play a beneficial role in the treatment of a laboratory model of type-1 diabetes by decreasing circulating glucose levels and lowering blood pressure (BP). We injected 50 mg/kg body weight (BW) streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally (i.p.) into 48 male Sprague-Dawley rats (SD) to produce a laboratory model of type-1 diabetes. SD were divided into four groups of 12 SD. A control group ate straight pulverized rat chow. To three treatment groups, we added into the pulverized rat chow: gliclazide (10 mg/kg), pioglitazone (10-30 mg/kg), or maitake SX (2.5 g/kg). In addition to measuring BW, circulating glucose level, and BP, the following procedures were also carried out: insulin challenge (insulin sensitivity), losartan challenge (renin-angiotensin system activity), Nw-nitro-L arginine-methyl ester hydrochloride (LNAME) challenge (nitric oxide [NO] system activity), and evaluation of serum angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) activity. All treatments compared with control generally decreased circulating glucose levels, but only the maitake SX consistently enhanced measured insulin sensitivity. We found that maitake SX could significantly lower systolic blood pressure (SBP) in diabetic SD. In general, only SD receiving maitake SX, not the two drugs, showed decreased activity of the renin-angiotensin system and increased NO system activity compared with control under the conditions examined. Our results suggest that maitake SX may be useful for treating perturbations in glucose-insulin metabolism and elevated BP in type-1 diabetes....(more)
Preuss HG, et al. J Med Food 2012 Oct;15(10):901-8.
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- 5. Immune enhancing effects of WB365, a novel combination of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Maitake (Grifola frondosa) extracts.
BACKGROUND:
Stress has been found to significantly reduce the abilities of the immune system to fight infections. One of the ways to overcome the defects of the immune system is the strengthening of the defense reactions by nutrition.
AIMS:
TO EVALUATE IMMUNE ENHANCING EFFECTS OF THE FOLLOWING MATERIAL: WB365, a novel combination of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) and Maitake (Grifola frondosa) extracts.
RESULTS:
We found that both glucan-rich maitake extract and WB365 caused a similar stimulation of phagocytic activity. Stress-induced increase of corticosterone production was blocked by feeding with Ashwagandha extract and even more by WB365. Cytokine experiments showed that feeding with WB365 helped overcome the stress-related inhibition of IL-6, IL-12 and IFN-γ production.
CONCLUSION:
This study clearly demonstrated that WB365, a combination of Maitake mushroom-derived glucan and Ashwagandha extracts, has strong pleiotropic biological effects related to immune health and stress reduction....(more)
Vetvicka V, et al. N Am J Med Sci 2011 Jul;3(7):320-4.
Related Products: Maitake Mushroom Extract
- 6. Preparation of culinary-medicinal maitake mushroom, Grifola frondosa (Dicks.: Fr.) S.F. Gray (Aphyllophoromycetideae)-fermented wheat and its antioxidant properties.
The optimization of solid-state fermentation conditions for mycelial growth in wheat by culinary-medicinal maitake mushroom, Grifola frondosa (Dicks.: Fr.) S.F. Gray was studied. The results from the center of the design analysis showed that the recommended optimal conditions for carbon, nitrogen sources, and temperature were 19 mg lactose/g, 2.0 mg malt extract/g, and 30 degrees C, respectively. Under these conditions, the mycelial biomass of 533.1 mg/g was obtained in fermented wheat, comparable to that (545.7 mg/g) obtained using the one-factor-at-a-time method. Based on the results obtained, EC50 values of ethanolic and hot water extracts from fermented wheat were 1.13-15.27 mg/mL, indicating that fermented wheat was effective in antioxidant activity, reducing power, scavenging ability on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radicals, and chelating ability on ferrous ions. Total phenol contents of both extracts were 13.35 and 23.01 mg/g, respectively. Accordingly, the information obtained would be applicable for the cultivation and consumption of G. frondosa-fermented wheat to provide its beneficial health effects....(more)
Huang SJ, et al. Int J Med Mushrooms 2011;13(1):61-71.
Related Products: Maitake Mushroom Extract
- 7. Nonvolatile taste components of culinary-medicinal maitake mushroom, Grifola frondosa (Dicks.:Fr.) S.F. Gray.
Culinary-medicinal maitake mushroom Grifola frondosa (Dicks.: Fr.) S.F. Gray mycelium was inoculated into wheat, a new product was formed after fungal fermentation, and its nonvolatile taste components were studied. Contents of crude ash, fat, fiber, and protein were higher in fruit bodies and mycelia, whereas carbohydrate contents were higher in the uninoculated and fermented wheat. Contents of total soluble sugars and polyols were 234.06, 111.70, 88.58, and 28.83 mg/g for fermented wheat, fruiting bodies, mycelia, and wheat, respectively. Contents of total free amino acids were in the descending order of mycelia > fermented wheat > fruiting bodies > wheat. Contents of total 5'-nucleotides were in the descending order: fruiting bodies > mycelia > fermented wheat > wheat. Based on the results obtained, fruiting bodies and mycelia possessed highly intense umami taste. Overall, as a result of solid-state fermentation, fermented wheat contained more taste components and a higher equivalent umami concentration than wheat did....(more)
Huang SJ, et al. Int J Med Mushrooms 2011;13(3):265-72.
Related Products: Maitake Mushroom Extract
- 8. Maitake (D fraction) mushroom extract induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells by BAK-1 gene activation.
For many years mushrooms have been used empirically in traditional medicine to treat several diseases. Study of the maitake mushroom, with its immunomodulatory and antitumoral properties, has led to the isolation of several bioactive compounds. One of these, D fraction, is known to reduce tumor cell viability. This study examined the effect of isolated D fraction on viability and apoptosis of human breast cancer cells (MCF7). These cells were treated with maitake (D fraction) extract at 18 μg/mL, 36 μg/mL, 91 μg/mL, 183 μg/mL, or 367 μg/mL or were left untreated (control) for 24 hours. MCF7 incubation with the maitake extract resulted in decreased cell viability [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium assay] in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptosis was statistically significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner at every concentration tested (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling assay). Upon incubation with D fraction, a microarray assay revealed upregulation of BAK-1 and cytochrome c transcripts, 2 proteins directly involved in the apoptotic pathway. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction studies confirmed these findings; BAK-1 was one of most overexpressed gene, as observed by microarray assay. These findings confirm the apoptotic effect of maitake D fraction in breast cancer cells and further highlight the involvement of cytochrome c release to the cytoplasm. Cytoplasmic release of cytochrome c, another player in the apoptotic pathway, was also increased after incubation with D fraction in a dose-dependent manner. This finding indicates that the effect of this compound involves mitochondrial dysfunction. The identification of the molecular mechanisms by which D fraction exerts its effects is crucial for the development of preventive and therapeutic strategies for cancer....(more)
Soares R, et al. J Med Food 2011 Jun;14(6):563-72.
Related Products: Maitake Mushroom Extract
- 9. Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) extract induces ovulation in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: a possible monotherapy and a combination therapy after failure with first-line clomiphene citrate.
BACKGROUND:
Insulin resistance is a prominent feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and insulin-sensitizing drugs are used to induce ovulation. Recently, it was reported that an extract from Maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa) improves insulin resistance.
OBJECTIVES:
The objective was to explore the effects of Maitake extract (SX-fraction: MSX) to induce ovulation in patients with PCOS in comparison with and in combination with clomiphene citrate (CC).
DESIGN:
We conducted an open trial with 80 patients with PCOS at three clinics in Japan. Seventy-two (72) new patients were randomly assigned to receive MSX or CC monotherapy for up to 12 weeks. Eighteen (18) patients who did not respond to MSX or CC were subjected to combination therapy of MSX and CC for up to 16 weeks. Eight (8) patients with documented history of failure to CC received combination therapy from the beginning. Ovulation was assessed by ultrasonography.
RESULTS:
Twenty-six (26) patients in the MSX group and 31 in the CC group were evaluated for ovulation. The ovulation rates for MSX and CC were as follows: 76.9% (20/26) and 93.5% (29/31), respectively by the patients (NS), and 41.7% (30/72) and 69.9% (58/83), respectively, by the cycles (p = 0.0006). In the combination therapy, 7 of 7 patients who failed in MSX monotherapy and 6 of 8 patients who failed in CC monotherapy showed ovulation.
CONCLUSIONS:
The present study suggests that MSX alone may induce ovulation in PCOS patients and may be useful as an adjunct therapy for patients who failed first-line CC treatment....(more)
Chen JT, et al. J Altern Complement Med 2010 Dec;16(12):1295-9.
Related Products: Maitake Mushroom Extract
- 10. Maitake mushroom extracts ameliorate progressive hypertension and other chronic metabolic perturbations in aging female rats.
OBJECTIVE:
We assessed the ability of two commercially-available fractions labeled SX and D derived from the edible maitake mushroom to overcome many age-associated metabolic perturbations such as progressive, age-related elevation of blood pressure, over activity of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), decreased insulin sensitivity, and inflammation in an in vivo laboratory model.
DESIGN AND METHOD:
We divided forty mature, female Sprague-Dawley rats (SD) into five groups of eight. SD ingested regular rat chow containing added sucrose (20% w/w). The groups received baseline diet alone (control) or baseline diet containing captopril, niacin-bound chromium, maitake fraction SX, or maitake fraction D. In addition to blood pressure readings, the following procedures were implemented: losartan and insulin challenges, evaluation of serum ACE activity, glucose tolerance testing, blood chemistries, LNAME challenge, and measurement of various circulating cytokines.
RESULTS:
We found that implementation of all test conditions stopped the gradual elevation of systolic blood pressure (SBP) in the SD over the four months of study, even reversing some of the previous elevation that occurred over time. In general, the treatment groups showed decreased activity of the RAS estimated by less lowering of SBP after losartan challenge and decreased serum ACE activity and were more sensitive to exogenous insulin challenge. TNFa levels decreased in all four test groups suggesting a lessening of the inflammatory state.
CONCLUSIONS:
We believe our data suggest that maitake mushroom fractions lessen age-related hypertension, at least in part, via effects on the RAS; enhance insulin sensitivity; and reduce some aspects of inflammation--actions that should lead to a longer, healthier life span....(more)
Preuss HG, et al. Int J Med Sci 2010 Jun 7;7(4):169-80.
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- 11. A polysaccharide extracted from Grifola frondosa enhances the anti-tumor activity of bone marrow-derived dendritic cell-based immunotherapy against murine colon cancer.
We previously isolated the novel heteropolysaccharide maitake Z-fraction (MZF) from the maitake mushroom (Grifola frondosa), and demonstrated that MZF significantly inhibited tumor growth by inducing cell-mediated immunity. In this study, we demonstrated that MZF upregulated the expression of CD80, CD86, CD83, and MHC II on bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and significantly increased interleukin-12 (IL-12) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by DCs in a dose-dependent manner. MZF-treated DCs significantly stimulated both allogeneic and antigen-specific syngenic T cell responses and enhanced antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production by syngenic CD4(+) T cells; however, MZF-treated DCs did not affect IL-4 production. Furthermore, the enhancement of IFN-gamma production in CD4(+) T cells, which was induced by MZF-treated DCs, was completely inhibited by the addition of an anti-IL-12 antibody. These results indicate that MZF induced DC maturation and antigen-specific Th1 response by enhancing DC-produced IL-12. We also demonstrated that DCs pulsed with colon-26 tumor lysate in the presence of MZF induced both therapeutic and preventive effects on colon-26 tumor development in BALB/c mice. These results suggest that MZF could be a potential effective adjuvant to enhance immunotherapy using DC-based vaccination....(more)
Masuda Y, et al. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010 Oct;59(10):1531-41.
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- 12. Mangiferin - a bioactive xanthonoid, not only from mango and not just antioxidant.
Mangiferin is a plant natural polyphenol of C-glycosylxanthone structure and various pharmacological activities. It can be found in many plant species, among which the mango tree (Mangifera indica) is one of the primary sources. Mangiferin is also present in some medicinal herbs, influencing their therapeutic and preventive properties, and in honeybush (Cyclopia sp.), a popular South African herbal tea. Mangiferin dissolves well in water, so it can be easily extracted into infusions and decoctions. In the mangiferin molecule, four aromatic hydroxyl groups determine its strong antiradical and antioxidant properties. Mangiferin is also an efficient iron chelator, therefore preventing the generation of hydroxyl radical in Fenton-type reactions. Numerous published in vitro and in vivo pharmacological studies, demonstrated many other activities of mangiferin: analgesic, antidiabetic, antisclerotic, atimicrobial and antiviral, cardio-, hepato-, and neuroprotective, antiinflammatory, antiallergic, MAO inhibiting and memory improving, as well as radioprotective against X-ray, gamma, and UV radiation. Several studies indicated also its ability to inhibit cancerogenesis and cancer cells growth by apoptosis induction in vitro and in vivo. It is also used in cosmetics, due to antioxidant and UV-protecting properties....(more)
Matkowski A, et al. Mini Rev Med Chem 2013 Mar;13(3):439-55.
Related Products: Mangiferin
- 13. Protective effects of mangiferin in subchronic developmental lead-exposed rats.
Lead is a ubiquitous environmental and industrial pollutant. Exposure to excessive amounts of lead is especially harmful to the central nervous systems of infants and young children, and oxidative stress has been reported as a major mechanism of lead-induced toxicity. To evaluate the ameliorative potential of antioxidant mangiferin (MGN) on lead-induced toxicity, Morris water maze test, determination of blood and bone lead concentration, determination of antioxidant status in plasma, as well as observation of ultrastructural changes in the hippocampus were carried out. In the present study, under a transmission electron microscope, ameliorated morphological damages in the hippocampus were observed in MGN-treated groups. Blood and bone lead concentration in MGN-treated groups lowered to some extent (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The activities of antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GSH) content, and the GSH/oxidized glutathione ratio in MGN-treated groups were increased, respectively. Further studies are needed to establish whether the observed differences were a direct cause of mangiferin on lead-induced toxicity or not. This study might provide clues for the treatment of lead-induced toxicity....(more)
Li HW, et al. Biol Trace Elem Res 2013 May;152(2):233-42.
Related Products: Mangiferin
- 14. Cyclopia maculata and Cyclopia subternata (honeybush tea) inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 pre-adipocytes.
The stems, leaves and flowers of Cyclopia have been consumed as a herbal tea 'honeybush tea' to treat various medical ailments since the 19th century. Plant polyphenols are reported to inhibit adipogenesis in cell and animal models of obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of hot water extracts of two Cyclopia species, C. maculata and C. subternata on obesity in an in vitro model. The total polyphenol content of unfermented C. subternata, unfermented C. maculata and fermented C. maculata extracts was 25.6, 22.4 and 10.8g GAE/100g, respectively. The major compounds present in the extracts were: the flavonoid, phloretin-3',5'-di-C-glucoside in C. subternata, the xanthone, mangiferin in unfermented C. maculata and the flavanone, hesperidin in fermented C. maculata. All of the plant extracts inhibited intracellular triglyceride and fat accumulation, and decreased PPARγ2 expression. The higher concentrations of unfermented C. maculata (800 and 1600μg/ml) and C. subternata (1600μg/ml) were cytotoxic in terms of decreased mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity. Both fermented and unfermented C. maculata, at concentrations greater than 100μg/ml, decreased cellular ATP content. Cyclopia maculata and C. subternata inhibit adipogenesis in vitro, suggesting their potential as anti-obesity agents....(more)
Dudhia Z, et al. Phytomedicine 2013 Mar 15;20(5):401-8.
Related Products: Mangiferin
- 15. Mangiferin, a natural xanthone, protects murine liver in Pb(II) induced hepatic damage and cell death via MAP kinase, NF-κB and mitochondria dependent pathways.
One of the most well-known naturally occurring environmental heavy metals, lead (Pb) has been reported to cause liver injury and cellular apoptosis by disturbing the prooxidant-antioxidant balance via oxidative stress. Several studies, on the other hand, reported that mangiferin, a naturally occurring xanthone, has been used for a broad range of therapeutic purposes. In the present study, we, therefore, investigated the molecular mechanisms of the protective action of mangiferin against lead-induced hepatic pathophysiology. Lead [Pb(II)] in the form of Pb(NO3)2 (at a dose of 5 mg/kg body weight, 6 days, orally) induced oxidative stress, hepatic dysfunction and cell death in murine liver. Post treatment of mangiferin at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight (6 days, orally), on the other hand, diminished the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reduced the levels of serum marker enzymes [alanine aminotranferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)]. Mangiferin also reduced Pb(II) induced alterations in antioxidant machineries, restored the mitochondrial membrane potential as well as mutual regulation of Bcl-2/Bax. Furthermore, mangiferin inhibited Pb(II)-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) (phospho-ERK 1/2, phosphor-JNK phospho- p38), nuclear translocation of NF-κB and apoptotic cell death as was evidenced by DNA fragmentation, FACS analysis and histological assessment. In vitro studies using hepatocytes as the working model also showed the protective effect of mangiferin in Pb(II) induced cytotoxicity. All these beneficial effects of mangiferin contributes to the considerable reduction of apoptotic hepatic cell death induced by Pb(II). Overall results demonstrate that mangiferin exhibit both antioxidative and antiapoptotic properties and protects the organ in Pb(II) induced hepatic dysfunction....(more)
Pal PB, et al. PLoS One 2013;8(2):e56894.
Related Products: Mangiferin
- 16. Host-guest inclusion system of mangiferin with β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives.
The characterization, inclusion complexation behavior and binding ability of the inclusion complexes of mangiferin (MGF) with β-cyclodextrin and its derivatives (hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPβCD), sulfobutyl ether β-cyclodextrin (SBEβCD) and mono (6-ethylene-diamino-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin (ENβCD)) were investigated in both solution and solid state by means of PL spectroscopy, (1)H and 2D NMR, XRD, TG and DSC. The results showed that the water solubility and thermal stability of MGF were significantly increased in the inclusion complex with cyclodextrins. The MGF/CDs complexes will be potentially useful for the design of a novel formulation of mangiferin for herbal medicine....(more)
Yang X, et al. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 2013 May 1;33(4):2386-91.
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- 17. Suppression of methylglyoxal hyperactivity by mangiferin can prevent diabetes-associated cognitive decline in rats.
RATIONALE:
Evidences indicate that methylglyoxal, a highly reactive metabolite of hyperglycemia, can enhance protein glycation, oxidative stress, or inflammation. Mangiferin, a polyphenol compound of C-glucoside, has many beneficial biological activities, including anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, neuroprotection, cognitive enhancement, etc. Whether mangiferin alleviates diabetes-associated cognitive impairment is still unclear.
OBJECTIVES:
The present study was designed to investigate the effects of mangiferin on the behavioral deficits of diabetic rats induced by streptozotocin; the mechanisms associated with methylglyoxal toxicity are especially investigated.
METHODS:
Diabetic rats were treated with mangiferin (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg, p.o.) for 9 weeks. Cognitive performances were evaluated with the Morris water maze. Hippocampus and blood were obtained for evaluation of the effects of mangiferin on protein glycation, oxidative stress, and inflammation in diabetic state.
RESULTS:
Mangiferin significantly improved the behavioral performances of diabetic rats, evidenced by a decrease in escape latency as well as increases in numbers of crossing the platform and percentage of time spent in the target quadrant, which were accompanied by decreases in the levels of advanced glycation end-products and their receptor (RAGE), interleukin-1β, TNF-α, and malondialdehyde and increases in the activity and expression of glyoxalase 1 as well as glutathione level in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Furthermore, mangiferin produced a significant decrease in malondialdehyde level and increased glutathione level and superoxide dismutase activity in the serum of diabetic rats.
CONCLUSIONS:
This study demonstrates that mangiferin can markedly ameliorate diabetes-associated cognitive decline in rats, which is done likely through suppressing methylglyoxal hyperactivity (promoting protein glycation, oxidative stress, and inflammation) mediated noxious effects....(more)
Liu YW, et al. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013 Mar 26.
Related Products: Mangiferin
- 18. A comparative study on the pharmacokinetics of a traditional Chinese herbal preparation with the single herb extracts in rats by LC-MS/MS method.
The Er-Mu preparation (EMP) is a well-known traditional Chinese prescription that has been clinically employed for the treatment of asthma and bronchial inflammation for hundreds of years. Neomangiferin, mangiferin, peimine, peiminine, timosaponin BII and timosaponin AIII are the major active ingredients of EMP for their anti-inflammatory or anti-asthmatic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics of the target compounds from the recipe of EMP and the single herb extracts of Anemarrhenae asphodeloides Bge. (ARR) and Fritillariae cirrhosae D.Don (FCB), and the influence of compatibility on the pharmacokinetics of the main active ingredients. The rats were randomly assigned to three groups and orally administered with the recipe of EMP and the single herb extracts of ARR and FCB, respectively. The concentrations of the target compounds in rat plasma were determined by an optimal liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS) and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) with a multi-switching monitoring mode coupled with simple protein precipitation method, and the main pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found in the pharmacokinetic parameters of neomangiferin, mangiferin, peimine and peiminine between the single ARR or FCB extract and the combination treatment (p<0.05). The developed HPLC-ESI-MS method by switching positive and negative ESI sources in a single run was successfully applied to study the pharmacokinetics of six compounds in SD rat, which was powerful in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, time savings and solvent consumption in the quantitative analysis of complex herbal medicines. It was surmised that formula compatibility could significantly influence the pharmacokinetics of EMP and our study has preliminarily elucidated the priority in the compatible administration of EMP based on pharmacokinetic studies....(more)
Sun YG, et al. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013 Apr 6;81-82C:34-43.
Related Products: Mangiferin
- 19. Synthesis and Anti-tumor Activity Evaluation of Gallic Acid-Mangiferin Hybrid Molecule.
To improve the anti-tumor effects of gallic acid and mangiferin, a gallic acid-mangiferin hybrid molecule (GA-MA) was synthesized from gallic acid and mangiferin in the presence of ionic liquid ChC1·2SnC12. Chemical and spectroscopic methods, such as 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, and HR-ESIMS were used for the structure identification of GA-MA. Using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, the in vitro anti-tumor effects were compared between GA-MA, gallic acid and mangiferin on human hepatoma HepG2, human nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE, human lung cancer NCI-H460, human ovarian cancer SK-OV-3, and human cervical cancer Hela cells. The results showed that the half inhibitory concentration (IC50) of GA-MA on HepG2, CNE, NCI-H460, SK-OV-3, and Hela cells were significantly lower than those of gallic acid or mangiferin. This showed that GA-MA has a better in vitro anti-tumor effect than gallic acid and mangiferin....(more)
Hu XY, et al. Med Chem 2013 Apr 25.
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- 20. Rhizome of Anemarrhena Asphodeloides Counteracts Diabetic Ophthalmopathy Progression in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats.
Diabetic ophthalmopathy (DO) impairs patients' eyesight and even causes blindness. Here, we investigated the effect of 60% ethanol extract of the rhizome of Anemarrhenae asphodeloides (ERA), which is commonly used in Chinese medicine formulae in treating diabetes, on DO progression. Blood glucose, insulin, advanced glycation end products (AGE), super oxygen dehydrogenises (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels in serum and sorbitol concentration in the lens were measured. Retinal endothelium/pericyte (E/P) ratio was evaluated, and structural changes of the retina and lens were observed. Effects of mangiferin and neomangiferin, the two major components of ERA, on subnormal growth of pericytes induced by high glucose were also detected. It was found that the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in serum were increased, whereas MDA and AGE levels in serum and sorbitol concentration in the lens were decreased in ERA-treated DO rats. E/P ratio was decreased, and the pathological changes of the lens and retina were alleviated by ERA treatment. Moreover, the subnormal growth of pericytes induced by high glucose was ameliorated by mangiferin and neomangiferin. These results indicated that ERA could effectively prevent DO progression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, and mangiferin and neomangiferin may be the main effective components. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Li X, et al. Phytother Res 2012 Nov 12.
Related Products: Mangiferin
- 21. Pharmacological evaluation of mangiferin herbosomes for antioxidant and hepatoprotection potential against ethanol induced hepatic damage.
Context: Fatty liver is the first stage of alcoholic damage which is reversible with abstinence from alcohol. Mangiferin (MF) showed potent scavenging activity on diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radicals which stimulate liver regeneration in various liver injuries. Objective: Although, MF shows hepatoprotection against various liver disorders but due to rapid clearance and limited solubility in lipoid environment, there is problem of its poor absorption from intestine hence poor bioavailability. Owing to which there is a need to develop MF herbosomes to resolve the problem of poor bioavailability to enhance the therapeutic potential. Methods: Successfully prepared MF herbosomes through complexation with phospholipids were characterized by physicochemical, chromatography, spectroscopy (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), infrared (IR), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)), ex vivo absorption using everted small intestine sac technique and in vivo studies using ethanol inducing hepatotoxicity in albino rats and comparing the results against plain MF. Results: Ex vivo study showed significant increased absorption of MF from prepared MF herbosomes as compared to plain MF. The hepatoprotective potential of MF herbosomes evaluated by in vivo study revealed significantly decreased levels of serum glutamate oxaloacetate transminase (SGOT), serum glutamate pyruvate transminase (SGPT), total bilirubin, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) in MF herbosomes as compared to plain MF. MF herbosomes also showed significantly decreased level of malonyl dehydrogenase along with increased levels of reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase as compared to plain MF which was also comparable to the standard drug, silymarin (SL). Conclusion: The above mentioned results showed that hepatoprotective and antioxidant potency of MF enhanced due to the preparation of its herbosomes....(more)
Jain PK, et al. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2012 Nov 20.
Related Products: Mangiferin
- 22. Proteomic analysis of an unsequenced plant--Mangifera indica.
Mangifera indica (Mango) is an important fruit crop in tropical countries with India being the leading producer in the world. Substantial research efforts are being devoted to produce fruit that have desirable characteristics including those that pertain to taste, hardiness and resistance to pests. Characterization of the genome and proteome of mango would help in the improvement of cultivars. As the mango genome has not yet been sequenced, we employed a mass spectrometry-based approach followed by database searches of mango-derived ESTs and proteins along with proteins from six other closely related plant species to characterize its proteome. In addition to this, de novo sequencing followed by homology-based protein identification was also carried out. The LC-MS/MS analysis of the mango leaf proteome was performed using an accurate mass quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. This integrative approach enabled the identification of 1001 peptides that matched to 538 proteins. To our knowledge, this study is the first high-throughput analysis of mango leaf proteome and could pave the way for further genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic studies.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved....(more)
Renuse S, et al. J Proteomics 2012 Oct 22;75(18):5793-6.
Related Products: Mango Leaf Extract
- 23. Populations of Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae from asymptomatic mango leaves are primarily endophytic.
Epiphytic survival of several Xanthomonas pathovars has been reported, but most studies failed to determine whether such populations were resident epiphytes, resulting from latent infections, or casual epiphytes. This study aimed at understanding the nature of Xanthomonas citri pv. mangiferaeindicae populations associated with asymptomatic leaves. When spray-inoculated on mango leaves cv. Maison Rouge, the pathogen multiplied markedly in association with juvenile leaves, but was most often detected as low population sizes (<1 x 10(3) cfu g(-1)) in association with mature leaves. Our results suggest a very low biological significance of biofilm-associated populations of X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae, while saprophytic microbiota associated with mango leaves survived frequently as biofilms. A chloroform vapor-based disinfestation assay which kills cells specifically located on the leaf surface and not those located within the leaf mesophyll was developed. When applied to spray-inoculated leaves maintained under controlled environmental conditions, 155 out of the 168 analyzed datasets collected over three assessment dates for seven bacterial strains representative of the genetic diversity of the pathogen failed to demonstrate a significant X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae population decrease on chloroform treated leaves up to 13 days after inoculation. We conclude that an efficient survival of X. citri pv. mangiferaeindicae present on mango leaf surfaces following a limited dissemination event is largely dependent on the availability of juvenile plant tissues. The bacterium gains access to protected sites (e.g., mesophyll) through stomata where it becomes endophytic and eventually causes disease. Chloroform vapor-based disinfestation assays should be useful for further studies aiming at evaluating survival sites of bacteria associated with the phyllosphere....(more)
Pruvost O, et al. Microb Ecol 2009 Jul;58(1):170-8.
Related Products: Mango Leaf Extract
- 24. Antagonism of Bacillus spp. isolated from marine biofilms against terrestrial phytopathogenic fungi.
We aimed at determining the antagonistic behavior of bacteria derived from marine biofilms against terrestrial phytopathogenic fungi. Some bacteria closely related to Bacillus mojavensis (three isolates) and Bacillus firmus (one isolate) displayed antagonistic activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ATCC 42374, selected as first screen organism. The four isolates were further quantitatively tested against C. gloeosporioides, Colletotrichum fragariae, and Fusarium oxysporum on two culture media, potato dextrose agar (PDA) and a marine medium-based agar [yeast extract agar (YEA)] at different times of growth of the antagonists (early, co-inoculation with the pathogen and late). Overall antagonistic assays showed differential susceptibility among the pathogens as a function of the type of culture media and time of colonization (P < 0.05). In general, higher suppressive activities were recorded for assays performed on YEA than on PDA; and also when the antagonists were allowed to grow 24 h earlier than the pathogen. F. oxysporum was the most resistant fungus while the most sensitive was C. gloeosporioides ATCC 42374. Significant differences in antagonistic activity (P < 0.05) were found between the different isolates. In general, Bacillus sp. MC3B-22 displayed a greater antagonistic effect than the commercial biocontrol strain Bacillus subtilis G03 (Kodiak). Further incubation studies and scanning electronic microscopy revealed that Bacillus sp. MC3B-22 was able to colonize, multiply, and inhibit C. gloeosporioides ATCC 42374 when tested in a mango leaf assay, showing its potential for fungal biocontrol. Additional studies are required to definitively identify the active isolates and to determine their mode of antifungal action, safety, and biocompatibility....(more)
Ortega-Morales BO, et al. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2009 May-Jun;11(3):375-83.
Related Products: Mango Leaf Extract
- 25. Effect of some abiotic factors on population buildup of Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry) in western Uttar Pradesh.
Idioscopus clypealis (Lethierry) is commonly known as mango leaf hopper. The hopper reduces mongo production by causing non setting of flower and dropping of immature fruits. The first appearance of hoppers (0.12 and 0.16) on the branches of mango trees was recorded in February which is correlated with increase in maximum (23.89 degrees C and 24.29 degrees C) and minimum temperature (11.46 degrees C and 11.88 degrees C) and decrease in relative humidity (88.15% and 86.85%). Peak hopper population (5.88 and 6.46) was recoded in May on temperature range of(40.34 degrees C and 40.88 degrees C) and (27.22 degrees C and 27.62 degrees C) as maximum and minimum, which was very high, whereas, relative humidity was very low (55.80% and 55.09%). With the increase in maximum and minimum temperature and decrease in relative humidity hopper population raised. Thus, maximum and minimum temperature positively affected the hopper population, whereas, relative humidity had negative effect, but rainfall showed no significant effect, as it was fluctuating....(more)
Varshneya A, et al. J Environ Biol 2008 Sep;29(5):811-2.
Related Products: Mango Leaf Extract
- 26. In vivo toxicity and antitumor activity of mangosteen extract.
Mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) has been widely used in the traditional medicine of Thailand to treat various ailments, especially diseases of the digestive system and infections. Many reports show antiproliferation of crude extracts and active constituents from mangosteen against many cancer cell lines. Therefore, the current study is proposed to demonstrate in vivo evidence on the antitumor activity of mangosteen. Crude methanolic extract (CME) from mangosteen pericarp including 25.19 % α-mangostin as an active xanthone was used in this study. The inhibition on tumor cell proliferation of CME was preliminarily evaluated against the murine colon cancer cell line NL-17 with an IC50 value of 17 and 84 μg/ml based on WST-1 and LDH assays, respectively. The safety dose for animal application was assessed by in vivo toxicity studies using female BALB/c mice. Acute toxicity showed an LD50 value and approximate lethal dose at 1,000 mg/kg, whereas the suitable dose for short-term study should be ≤200 mg/kg. The effective dose for antitumor activity of CME was found to be between 100 and 200 mg/kg, with a tumor size reduction of 50-70 %. Histological staining clearly illustrated a decrease of tumor cell density in the footpad in a dose-dependent manner. The median survival time and life span significantly increased in tumor-bearing mice with CME treatment. This study suggests that CME possesses a powerful antitumor activity. Therefore, it is worth undertaking further investigation to identify active compounds and obtain a deeper understanding of their mechanism, in order to acquire novel effective anticancer drugs....(more)
Kosem N, et al. J Nat Med 2013 Apr;67(2):255-63.
Related Products: Mangosteen Extract
- 27. Protective effect of mangosteen extract against beta-amyloid-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress and altered proteome in SK-N-SH cells.
Beta-amyloid (A beta) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by inducing neurotoxicity and cell death mainly through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Garcinia mangostana L. (mangosteen) has been recognized as a major source of natural antioxidants that could decrease ROS. However, its role in protection of A beta-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in neuronal cells remains unclear. We therefore examined such a protective effect of mangosteen extract (ME) by evaluating cell viability using MTT test, ROS level, caspase-3 activity, and cellular proteome. Treating SK-N-SH cells with 5-20 microM A beta((1-42)) for 24 h caused morphologically cytotoxic changes, decreased cell viability and increased ROS level, whereas preincubation with 50-400 microg/mL ME 30 min before the induction by A beta((1-42)) successfully prevented such cytotoxic effects in a dose-dependent manner (completely at 400 microg/mL). The A beta-induced increase in caspase-3 activity was also preventable by 400 microg/mL ME. Proteomic analysis using 2-D gel electrophoresis (n = 5 gels/group) followed by mass spectrometry revealed 63 proteins whose levels were significantly altered by A beta((1-42)) induction. Interestingly, changes in 10 proteins were successfully prevented by the ME pretreatment. In summary, we report herein the significant protective effects of ME against A beta-induced cytotoxicity, increased ROS, and increased caspase activity in SK-N-SH cells. Moreover, proteomic analysis revealed some proteins that might be responsible for these protective effects by ME. Further characterizations of these proteins may lead to identification of novel therapeutic targets for successful prevention and/or decreasing the severity of AD....(more)
Moongkarndi P, et al. J Proteome Res 2010 May 7;9(5):2076-86.
Related Products: Mangosteen Extract
- 28. Effect of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) extracts as a feed additive on growth and hematological parameters of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings.
AIM:
The efficacy of dietary inclusion of various parts of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) extract on growth and hematological parameters of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) fingerlings were investigated.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
Ninety six fingerlings were randomly distributed into each of ten 20L plastic aquaria. Each treatment groups consists of three replicates. Four experimental diets were prepared: controls, leaf extract, shoot extract and rind extract. The 0.5% of various parts (leaf, rind and shoot extract) of mangosteen were included in the experimental diets at the expense of 0.5% rice bran. The fingerlings were fed with experimental diets at satiation for five weeks.
RESULTS:
The results showed that no significant difference on growth, specific growth rate, average daily growth, feed conversion ratio and condition factors of the dietary inclusion of the different mangosteen extract treatment when compared to control groups except leaf extract. Significantly higher red blood cells (RBC) count and white blood cells (WBC) count were recorded in fish fed with shoot extract incorporated diet fed groups than the other groups. However, no significant impact on hemoglobin content between the experimental groups and control groups.
CONCLUSIONS:
Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that feeding fish with 0.5 % of mangosteen extracts for 35 days has no adverse effect on growth and enhanced the hematological parameters of African catfish fingerlings....(more)
Soosean C, et al. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2010 Jul;14(7):605-11.
Related Products: Mangosteen Extract
- 29. Effects of compounds from Garcinia mangostana on inflammatory mediators in RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
The fruit hull of Garcinia mangostana Linn. has been used in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of abscess and skin infection.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
The mangosteen fruit hull and its compounds were carried out to investigate for anti-inflammatory activity.
MATERIAL AND METHODS:
The extract of Garcinia mangostana together with alpha- and gamma-mangostins were tested for anti-inflammatory effect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) releases as well as their mechanisms in transcriptional levels using RAW264.7 macrophage cells.
RESULTS:
Mangosteen extract possessed potent NO inhibitory effect with an IC50 value of 1.0 microg/ml. The isolated compounds from the extract including alpha-mangostin and gamma-mangostin, possessed marked inhibitory effect against NO release with IC50 values of 3.1 and 6.0 microM, respectively. The extract exhibited potent inhibitory effect on PGE2 release (IC50=6.0 microg/ml), whereas those of alpha- and gamma-mangostins were 13.9 and 13.5 microM, respectively. However, mangostins possessed only moderate effects towards TNF-alpha and IL-4 releases with IC50 values ranging from 31.8 to 64.8 microM. Both extract and alpha-mangostin suppressed transcription of gene encoding inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in dose-dependent manners, whereas gamma-mangostin had only an inhibitory effect on transcription of iNOS.
CONCLUSION:
The present study may support the Thai traditional use of Garcinia mangostana fruit hull for treatment of inflammatory-related diseases through the inhibition of NO and PGE2 releases, but moderate effect through TNF-alpha and IL-4....(more)
Tewtrakul S, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2009 Jan 30;121(3):379-82.
Related Products: Mangosteen Extract
- 30. In vitro inhibition of multiple cytochrome P450 isoforms by xanthone derivatives from mangosteen extract.
Mangosteen is a xanthone-containing fruit found in Southeast Asia for which health claims include maintaining healthy immune and gastrointestinal systems to slowing the progression of tumor growth and neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have identified multiple xanthones in the pericarp of the mangosteen fruit. The aim of the current study was to assess the drug inhibition potential of mangosteen in vitro as well as the cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes responsible for the metabolism of its individual components. The various xanthone derivatives were found to be both substrates and inhibitors for multiple P450 isoforms. Aqueous extracts of the mangosteen pericarp were analyzed for xanthone content as well as inhibition potency. Finally, in vivo plasma concentrations of alpha-mangostin, the most abundant xanthone derivative found in mangosteen, were predicted using Simcyp and found to be well above their respective in vitro K(i) values for CYP2C8 and CYP2C9....(more)
Foti RS, et al. Drug Metab Dispos 2009 Sep;37(9):1848-55.
Related Products: Mangosteen Extract
- 31. Dietary antioxidants prevent age-related retinal pigment epithelium actin damage and blindness in mice lacking αvβ5 integrin.
In the aging human eye, oxidative damage and accumulation of pro-oxidant lysosomal lipofuscin cause functional decline of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which contributes to age-related macular degeneration. In mice with an RPE-specific phagocytosis defect due to lack of αvβ5 integrin receptors, RPE accumulation of lipofuscin suggests that the age-related blindness we previously described in this model may also result from oxidative stress. Cellular and molecular targets of oxidative stress in the eye remain poorly understood. Here we identify actin among 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) adducts formed specifically in β5(-/-) RPE but not in neural retina with age. HNE modification directly correlated with loss of resistance of actin to detergent extraction, suggesting cytoskeletal damage in aging RPE. Dietary enrichment with natural antioxidants, grapes or marigold extract containing macular pigments lutein/zeaxanthin, was sufficient to prevent HNE-adduct formation, actin solubility, lipofuscin accumulation, and age-related cone and rod photoreceptor dysfunction in β5(-/-) mice. Acute generation of HNE adducts directly destabilized actin but not tubulin cytoskeletal elements of RPE cells. These findings identify destabilization of the actin cytoskeleton as a consequence of a physiological, sublethal oxidative burden of RPE cells in vivo that is associated with age-related blindness and that can be prevented by consuming an antioxidant-rich diet....(more)
Yu CC, et al. Free Radic Biol Med 2012 Feb 1;52(3):660-70.
Related Products: Marigold Extract
- 32. Efficacy of marigold extract-loaded formulations against UV-induced oxidative stress.
The present study investigated the potential use of topical formulations containing marigold extract (ME) (Calendula officinalis extract) against ultraviolet (UV)B irradiation-induced skin damage. The physical and functional stabilities, as well as the skin penetration capacity, of the different topical formulations developed were evaluated. In addition, the in vivo capacity to prevent/treat the UVB irradiation-induced skin damage, in hairless mice, of the formulation with better skin penetration capacity was investigated. All of the formulations were physically and functionally stable. The gel formulation [Formulation 3 (F3)] was the most effective for the topical delivery of ME, which was detected as 0.21 μg/cm(2) of narcissin and as 0.07 μg/cm(2) of the rutin in the viable epidermis. This formulation was able to maintain glutathione reduced levels close to those of nonirradiated animals, but did not affect the gelatinase-9 and myeloperoxidase activities increased by exposure to UVB irradiation. In addition, F3 reduced the histological skin changes induced by UVB irradiation that appear as modifications of collagen fibrils. Therefore, the photoprotective effect in hairless mice achieved with the topical application of ME in gel formulation is most likely associated with a possible improvement in the collagen synthesis in the subepidermal connective tissue....(more)
Fonseca YM, et al. J Pharm Sci 2011 Jun;100(6):2182-93.
Related Products: Marigold Extract
- 33. Protective effect of Calendula officinalis extract against UVB-induced oxidative stress in skin: evaluation of reduced glutathione levels and matrix metalloproteinase secretion.
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE:
Calendula officinalis flowers have long been employed time in folk therapy, and more than 35 properties have been attributed to decoctions and tinctures from the flowers. The main uses are as remedies for burns (including sunburns), bruises and cutaneous and internal inflammatory diseases of several origins. The recommended doses are a function both of the type and severity of the condition to be treated and the individual condition of each patient. Therefore, the present study investigated the potential use of Calendula officinalis extract to prevent UV irradiation-induced oxidative stress in skin.
METHODS:
Firstly, the physico-chemical composition of marigold extract (ME) (hydroalcoholic extract) was assessed and the in vitro antioxidant efficacy was determined using different methodologies. Secondly, the cytotoxicity was evaluated in L929 and HepG2 cells with the MTT assay. Finally, the in vivo protective effect of ME against UVB-induced oxidative stress in the skin of hairless mice was evaluated by determining reduced glutathione (GSH) levels and monitoring the secretion/activity of metalloproteinases.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:
The polyphenol, flavonoid, rutin and narcissin contents found in ME were 28.6 mg/g, 18.8 mg/g, 1.6 mg/g and 12.2mg/g, respectively and evaluation of the in vitro antioxidant activity demonstrated a dose-dependent effect of ME against different radicals. Cytoxicity experiments demonstrated that ME was not cytotoxic for L929 and HepG2 cells at concentrations less than or equal to of 15 mg/mL. However, concentrations greater than or equal to 30 mg/mL, toxic effects were observed. Finally, oral treatment of hairless mice with 150 and 300 mg/kg of ME maintained GSH levels close to non-irradiated control mice. In addition, this extract affects the activity/secretion of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and -9) stimulated by exposure to UVB irradiation. However, additional studies are required to have a complete understanding of the protective effects of ME for skin.
Copyright 2009 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Fonseca YM, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2010 Feb 17;127(3):596-601.
Related Products: Marigold Extract
- 34. Matrine, a novel autophagy inhibitor, blocks trafficking and the proteolytic activation of lysosomal proteases.
Autophagy has been referred to as a double-edged sword in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Emerging evidence suggests that pharmacological modulation of autophagy is a promising therapeutic strategy for cancer. However, few autophagy-modulating compounds are currently approved for clinical use in humans. Matrine is a natural compound extracted from traditional Chinese medicine that is widely used for treatment of a variety of diseases without any obvious side effects. Recently, matrine has been reported to induce autophagy and autophagic cell death in cancer cells, although the underlying mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Here, we systematically examined the autophagic events induced by matrine in SGC7901 cells. The accumulation of autophagic vacuoles in matrine-treated cells was verified by the conversion of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 as well as confocal and transmission electron microscopy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that matrine blocked autophagic degradation by impairing the activities of lysosomal proteases. Moreover, confocal microscopy and gradient ultracentrifugation revealed that the trafficking processes and proteolytic activation of cathepsins were inhibited by matrine. Using a pH sensor probe, we found elevated pH values in endosomes/lysosomes in response to matrine treatment. Therefore, matrine seems to be a novel autophagy inhibitor that can modulate the maturation process of lysosomal proteases....(more)
Wang Z, et al. Carcinogenesis 2013 Jan;34(1):128-38.
Related Products: Matrine
- 35. Human ether-a-go-go-related gene channel blockers and its structural analysis for drug design.
The human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) is a K+ channel protein mainly expressed in the heart and the nervous systems and its blockade by non-cardiovascular acting drugs resulted in tachycardia and sudden death. In this present review, we have focused the physicochemical properties responsible for the hERG blocking activity of structurally different compounds. The reported research works showed that the hydrophobicity on the van der Waals (vdW) surface of the molecules (aroused from the aromatic ring) necessary for the hERG blocking activity along with topological and electronic properties. The quinolizidine alkaloids (natural products) such as oxymatrine, sophoridine, sophocarpine and matrine carry the common molecular structure of O=C=N-C-C-C-N that possessed positive ionotropic effect and hERG blocking activity. Acehytisine hydrochloride (previously named Guangfu base A) was isolated from the root of Aconitum coreanum (Levl.), is an anti-arrhythmic drug in phase IV clinical trial. The isoquinoline alkaloid, neferine (Nef) induces a concentration-dependent decrease in current amplitude (IC50 of 7.419 MM). Most of these natural product compounds contain non-flexible aromatic structures but have significant activity due to the presence of optimum hydrophobicity. Recent research works revealed that Eag and hERG channels are expressed by a variety of cancer cell lines and tissues. The Eag channel showed an oncogenic potential while hERG channels are associated with more aggressive tumors and have a role in mediating invasion. This review concluded that the consideration of physicochemical properties necessary for the hERG blocking activity will guide to develop novel drugs with less cardiotoxicity....(more)
Narayana Moorthy NS, et al. Curr Drug Targets 2013 Jan 1;14(1):102-13.
Related Products: Matrine