- 1. Aloe vera or resveratrol supplementation in larval diet delays adult aging in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster.
Longevity extension in Drosophila melanogaster by feeding diet supplemented with chemicals throughout adulthood can cause harmful side effects. We tested the effect of larval diet supplementation with five different concentrations of resveratrol and one concentration of Aloe vera extract on the adult longevity of short-lived D melanogaster populations. Resveratrol and A vera extract supplementation of larval diet extended adult longevity in both the male and female flies without reducing fecundity but by efficient reactive oxygen species scavenging through increased antioxidant enzymes activity and better neuroprotection as indicated by increased locomotor activity in adult males....(more)
Chandrashekara KT, et al. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011 Sep;66(9):965-71.
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- 2. Hepatotherapeutic effect of Aloe vera in alcohol-induced hepatic damage.
There is a lack of reliable hepatotherapeutic drugs in modern medicine in the management of alcohol/drug-induced liver damage. Aloe vera extract has been used in folklore medicine for its medicinal values. This study evaluates the hepatotherapeutic activity of aqueous extract of Aloe vera gel in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups; the negative control, positive control and the extract-treated groups. The negative control received only distilled water daily. The positive control received alcohol, while the extract-treated group received aqueous extract of Aloe vera and alcohol. Hepatotoxicity was induced in the positive control and extract-treated rats with alcohol. The hepatotherapeutic effect was evaluated by performing an assay of the serum total bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate and alanine transaminases and liver histopathology. Alanine transaminase activities were comparable in all groups. Alcohol treatment alone significantly (p < 0.05) increased total serum bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and aspartate transaminase activities. Alcohol-induced hepatic dysfunction was abrogated by Aloe vera extract. Histopathological examination revealed that alcohol induced hepatic damage. Aloe vera treatment maintained hepatic architecture similar to that seen in the control. This study shows that aqueous extract of Aloe vera gel is hepatotherapeutic and thus lends credence to the use of the plant in folklore medicine in the management of alcohol-induced hepatic dysfunction....(more)
Saka WA, et al. Pak J Biol Sci 2011 Jul 15;14(14):742-6.
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- 3. [Protective effects of Aloe vera extract on mitochondria of neuronal cells and rat brain].
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the effects of Aloe vera extract (AV) on mitochondria in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells and rat brain and to study the mechanism of its neuroprotection.
METHOD:
After treatment, the morphology of PC12 cells was observed under microscope, the activity of mitochondria in PC12 cells was measured by MTT method, and the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in PC12 cells was detected by JC-1 method. The mitochondrial function in rat brain was detected by resazurin method. The production of malondialdehyd (MDA) in rat brain mitochondria was tested by thiobarbaturic acid (TBA) assay.
RESULT:
AV could improve mitochondrial damage induced by azide sodium (NaN3) in PC12 cells. The viability of PC12 cells treated with NaN364 mmol x L(-1) for 4 h decreased by 47.8%, and AV at 1 and 10 mg x L(-1) could respectively increase the viability of NaN3-treated cells by 16.7% (P < 0.05) and 22.3% (P < 0.01). MMP in PC12 cells in AV 1 and 10 mg x L(-1) group was significantly higher than that of NaN3-treated group (P < 0.05). AV also protected the structure and function of mitochondria in rat brain. AV at 10 mg x L(-1) had protective effect on mitochondria function impair induced by NaN3 (P < 0.01). AV 1 and 10 mg x L(-1) markedly inhibited the lipid peroxidation of brain mitochondria induced by Fe2+ -cysteine (P < 0.05, P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION:
AV has protective effects on mitochondria of neuronal cells and rat brain....(more)
Wang Y, et al. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 2010 Feb;35(3):364-8. Chinese.
Related Products: Aloe Vera Extract
- 4. DNA degradation by aqueous extract of Aloe vera in the presence of copper ions.
The plant Aloe vera has long been used in medicine, as dietary supplements and for cosmetic purposes. Aloe vera extracts are a rich source of polyphenols, such as aloin and aloe emodin and have shown a wide range of pharmacological properties, including anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties. The bioactive component aloe emodin has been reported to induce apoptosis in various cancer cell lines. Many of the biological activities of Aloe vera have been attributed to its antioxidant properties. However, most plant-derived polyphenols that are also present in Aloe vera may exhibit pro-oxidant properties either alone or in the presence of transition metals, such as copper. Previous reports from this laboratory have implicated the pro-oxidant action as one of the mechanisms for their anti-cancer properties. In the present paper, we show that aqueous extract of Aloe vera is also able to cause DNA degradation in the presence of copper ions. Further, the extract is also able to reduce Cu(II) to Cu(I) and generate reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide anion and hydroxyl radicals in a dose-dependent manner, which correlates with ability of the extract to cause DNA breakage. Thus, the study shows that in addition to antioxidant activity, Aloe vera extract also possess pro-oxidant properties, leading to oxidative DNA breakage....(more)
Naqvi S, et al. Indian J Biochem Biophys 2010 Jun;47(3):161-5.
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- 5. Effect of acute pancreatitis on the pharmacokinetics of Chinese herbal ointment Liu-He-Dan in anaesthetized rats.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:
Chinese herbal preparation of Liu-He-Dan ointment has been adapted for acute pancreatitis in external application for many years in West China.
AIM OF THE STUDY:
To investigate the effect of acute pancreatitis on the pharmacokinetics of Liu-He-Dan ointment in rats while it was used externally on belly.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
Twelve male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into acute pancreatitis model group (n=6) and normal group as a control (n=6). Chinese herbal Liu-He-Dan ointment was used externally on belly. Emodin, rhein, aloe emodin, physcion and chrysophanol in plasma and pancreas (at 48 h) were detected and quantified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Amylase in plasma were determined with iodide process.
RESULTS:
Among the five components, only emodin, aloe emodin and physcion from Liu-He-Dan were detected in plasma and pancreas. The absorption of each component was tended to decrease in acute pancreatitis group after topically management with Liu-He-Dan ointment on rats' abdomen. The T(max), C(max) and area under curve (AUC) of each component were distinctly lower in AP group than those in normal group (p<0.05). However, the T(1/2α) and mean retention time (MRT) of emodin lasted longer in acute pancreatitis group than those in normal group (p<0.05). There was no statistical difference in the MRT of aloe emodin and physcion between the two groups. Emodin could be detected in all rats' pancreas at 48 h in both groups, while its mean pancreatic concentration was higher in acute pancreatitis model group than in normal group (0.91 ± 0.68, 0.41 ± 0.36, respectively). Physcion could be detected in pancreas of most acute pancreatitis models, but not in normal rats. Aloe emodin was found in all pancreas from acute pancreatitis models while only one in normal group. The level of amylase in Liu-He-Dan group was obviously lower than that in the AP model group (p=0.0055).
CONCLUSION:
We concluded that acute pancreatitis may significantly affect the pharmacokinetics of Liu-He-Dan while external applied on belly, which indicated the dosage modification in AP. However, acute pancreatitis seems to promote the distribution of the detected components into pancreas. The ointment could help relieve the disease of pancreatitis.
Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved....(more)
Zhao XL, et al. J Ethnopharmacol 2013 Jan 9;145(1):94-9.
Related Products: Aloe-emodin
- 6. Studies on a rhein-producing endophytic fungus isolated from Rheum palmatum L.
Rheum palmatum L. (Chinese rhubarb) is a highly regarded medicinal plant. Its dominant active constituents are anthraquinones including emodin, aloe-emodin, rhein, etc. Rhein naturally occurs in anthraquinone (1, 3, 8-trihydroxy-6-methyl anthraquinone), which is found in R. palmatum L. and related plants such as rhubarb. It has good antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antimicrobial and hemostatic properties. In this study, a total of 14 strains of endophytic fungi were isolated from R. palmatum L. All fungal isolates were fermented in liquid PDA medium and their extracts were preliminarily analyzed by antibacterial reactions, magnesium acetate-methanol reagent and Borntraiger's reaction, and the strain reselection was made by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and LC-MS to identify the fermentation products of the selected strains and confirmed through a comparison with authentic standards. Extract from one strain, R13, showed positive reactions with both reagents. The strain R13 had a component with the same TLC (Rf) value and HPLC, LC-MS retention time as authentic rhein standards. The yield of rhein in R13 can reach 5.672mgl(-1). The fungi were identified as Fusarium solani by using both ITS rDNA sequencing and spore morphology....(more)
You X, et al. Fitoterapia 2013 Mar;85:161-8.
Related Products: Aloe-emodin
- 7. Input-dependent induction of G-quadruplex formation for detection of lead (II) by fluorescent ion logic gate.
A label-free fluorescent AND logic gate has been developed utilizing ion-tuned configuration conversion of DNA probe with K(+) and Pb(2+) as two inputs. A well-designed hairpin DNA which is composed of a poly-G loop and a GR-5 DNAzyme stem serves as a recognition probe, and an derivative of aloe-emodin (AED) was designed and synthesized as signal probe. In the presence of Pb(2+), the substrate strand of DNAzyme is irreversibly and specifically cleaved at the cleavage site, which made the poly-G loop form G-quadruplex in the presence of a constant concentration of K(+). Such a structural change significantly affects the spectral behaviors of AED, which can be explored to ultra-sensitively detect Pb(2+) with a limit of detection of 22.8pM. By combing the high specificity of hairpin DNA and GR-5 DNAzyme, Pb(2+) can be highly selectively detected even when coexisted with other metal ions. Circular dichroism (CD), UV-vis absorption spectrometry and fluorescence polarization (FP) measurements further verified the reliability and reasonability of the sensing mechanism. Therefore, it provides a simple and label-free approach to detect ions with high sensitivity and specificity, and promises to provide a solid sensing platform for the detection of targets by altering the specific sequence of nucleic acid probe....(more)
Zhao Y, et al. Biosens Bioelectron 2013 May 15;43:231-6.
Related Products: Aloe-emodin
- 8. Comparative pharmacokinetics study of three anthraquinones in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix et Rhei Rhizoma extract and Dahuang Fuzi Tang by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.
A specific and sensitive high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS) method has been developed and validated for simultaneous determination of three anthraquinones of rhein, aloe-emodin and emodin in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix et Rhei Rhizoma extract and Dahuang Fuzi Tang. The analytes were separated on a Kromaisl(®) C(18) column within a total running time of 12min with a mobile phase of methanol:ammonium acetate (3mM) (75:25, v/v). The calibration curves for all the anthraquinones showed good linearity in the measured range with correlation coefficient (r) higher than 0.9978. The precision, accuracy, recovery and stability were deemed acceptable. The method was successfully applied to the comparative pharmacokinetics study of the anthraquinones in rat plasma after oral administration of Radix et Rhei Rhizoma extract and Dahuang Fuzi Tang....(more)
Li H, et al. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013 Mar 25;76:215-8.
Related Products: Aloe-emodin
- 9. Developmental Changes in the Composition of Five Anthraquinones from Rheum palmatum as Quantified by (1) H-NMR.
INTRODUCTION:
Rheum palmatum is an important traditional Chinese medicine featuring anthraquinones with several activities. Generally, rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion and chrysophanol are used as chemical markers for the quality control of rhubarb products.
OBJECTIVE:
To develop a simple protocol for the quantification of rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion and chrysophanol in R. palmatum collected at different developmental stages.
METHODS:
(1) H-NMR spectra were measured on samples dissolved in acetone-d(6) , quantification was carried out using the signals of H-4 of rhein (δ(H) 8.36), H-7 of emodin (δ(H) 6.68), CH(2) OH of aloe-emodin (δ(H) 4.81), OCH(3) of physcion (δ(H) 4.02) and CH(3) of chrysophanol (δ(H) 2.50), which were well separated from other signals. Quantitative analysis was based on the relative ratio of the intensity of each compound to the known amount of internal standard maleic acid.
RESULTS:
The quantitative (1) H-NMR (qHNMR) method developed showed good precision, trueness, linearity, repeatability and stability for the quantification of rhein, emodin, aloe-emodin, physcion and chrysophanol. This method was applied successfully to explore the seasonal variations of the five major anthraquinones in R. palmatum, and provided quantitative results in reasonable agreement with those obtained by the HPLC-UV method.
CONCLUSION:
Compared with the conventional HPLC-based methods, the qHNMR analysis is rapid, reference-free and convenient with less sample pre-treatment. This technique should be a feasible choice for the quality control of R. palmatum. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Wang ZW, et al. Phytochem Anal 2013 Jan 31.
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- 10. Synthesis, biological evaluation and molecular modeling of aloe-emodin derivatives as new acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
A series of aloe-emodin derivatives were designed, synthesized and evaluated as acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. Most of the new prepared compounds showed remarkable acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities. Among them, the compound 1-((4,5-dihydroxy-9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracen-2-yl) methyl) pyridin-1-ium chloride (C3) which has a pyridinium substituent possessed the best inhibitory activity of acetylcholinesterase (IC(50)=0.09 μM). The docking study performed with AUTODOCK demonstrated that C3 could interact with the catalytic active site (CAS) and the peripheral anionic site (PAS) of acetylcholinesterase....(more)
Shi DH, et al. Bioorg Med Chem 2013 Mar 1;21(5):1064-73.
Related Products: Aloe-emodin
- 11. A Biochemical and Cellular Approach to Explore the Antiproliferative and Prodifferentiative Activity of Aloe Arborescens Leaf Extract.
Aloe arborescens Miller, belonging to the Aloe genus (Liliaceae family), is one of the main varieties of Aloe used worldwide. Although less characterized than the commonest Aloe vera, Aloe arborescens is known to be richer in beneficial phytotherapeutic, anticancer, and radio-protective properties. It is commonly used as a pharmaceutical ingredient for its effect in burn treatment and ability to increase skin wound healing properties. However, very few studies have addressed the biological effects of Aloe at molecular level. The aim of the research is to provide evidences for the antiproliferative properties of Aloe arborescens crude leaf extract using an integrated proteomic and cellular biological approach. We analysed the composition of an Aloe arborescens leaf extract by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. We found it rich in Aloe-emodin, a hydroxylanthraquinone with known antitumoral activity and in several compounds with anti-oxidant properties. Accordingly, we show that the Aloe extract has antiproliferative effects on several human transformed cell lines and exhibits prodifferentiative effects on both primary and immortalized human keratinocyte. Proteomic analysis of whole cell extracts revealed the presence of proteins with a strong antiproliferative and antimicrobial activity specifically induced in human keratinocytes by Aloe treatment supporting its application as a therapeutical agent. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd....(more)
Di Luccia B, et al. Phytother Res 2013 Feb 17.
Related Products: Aloe-emodin
- 12. Predicting in silico which mixtures of the natural products of plants might most effectively kill human leukemia cells?
The aim of the analysis of just 13 natural products of plants was to predict the most likely effective artificial mixtures of 2-3 most effective natural products on leukemia cells from over 364 possible mixtures. The natural product selected included resveratrol, honokiol, chrysin, limonene, cholecalciferol, cerulenin, aloe emodin, and salicin and had over 600 potential protein targets. Target profiling used the Ontomine set of tools for literature searches of potential binding proteins, binding constant predictions, binding site predictions, and pathway network pattern analysis. The analyses indicated that 6 of the 13 natural products predicted binding proteins which were important targets for established cancer treatments. Improvements in effectiveness were predicted for artificial combinations of 2 or 3 natural products. That effect might be attributed to drug synergism rather than increased numbers of binding proteins bound (dose effects). Among natural products, the combinations of aloe emodin with mevinolin and honokiol were predicted to be the most effective combination for AML-related predicted binding proteins. Therefore, plant extracts may in future provide more effective medicines than the single purified natural products of modern medicine, in some cases....(more)
El-Shemy HA, et al. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:801501.
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- 13. Simultaneous Preconcentration and Analysis of Anthraquinones Based on Ultrasound Emulsification Ionic Liquid Microextraction.
An ultrasensitive method of ultrasound emulsification ionic liquid microextraction (UEILME) coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been developed and introduced for the preconcentration and analysis of anthraquinone additives in cosmetic samples and five anthraquinone compounds (aloe-emodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol and physcion) in traditional Chinese medicines. Several parameters affecting the extraction efficiency were investigated and optimized, such as the type and amount of extraction solvent, sample pH, ultrasound time and temperature, centrifugation speed and time and ionic strength. The most favorable results were obtained using 60 mg of 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate as extraction solvent. The anthraquinones were extracted from the aqueous solution (pH 2.0) by ultrasound at 40°C for 7 min and centrifuged at 2,500 rpm for 6 min. Under optimal conditions, acceptable linearity of the five anthraquinone compounds was obtained with correlation coefficients > 0.99. The limits of detection (LODs) and limits of quantitation (LOQs) ranged from 0.01 to 0.09 µg/L and 0.05 to 0.25 µg/L, respectively. The relative standard deviations (n = 3) were less than 9.8%. Moreover, the enrichment factors ranged from 80 to 197-fold. Compared with conventional dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, the UEILME technique exhibited lower LODs and LOQs. The results demonstrated that the UEILME coupled with HPLC is a simple, environmentally friendly, sensitive and efficient method for the extraction, concentration and analysis of anthraquinone compounds....(more)
Yan Y, et al. J Chromatogr Sci 2013 Mar 15.
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- 14. Antimycobacterial effect of extract and its components from Rheum rhaponticum.
The global threat of tuberculosis demands the search for alternative antimycobacterial drugs. The present study examined roots and petioles from Rheum rhaponticum for antimycobacterial activity. Crude methanol extracts and eight phenolic compounds isolated by preparative column chromatography were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra and M. bovis using the broth dilution method. The extract from roots and its components, such as rhaponticin, deoxyrhaponticin, resveratrol, barbaloin, aloe-emodin, and chrysophanol were found to have antimycobacterial activity against both microorganisms. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of all the investigated samples ranged from 32 to 512 microg/mL. The anthracene derivatives were the most active; their MICs were 32, 64, and 64 microg/mL (M. tuberculosis H37Ra) and 128, 64, and 64 microg/mL (M. bovis), respectively. The microorganisms were resistant to stimulation with extract from petioles, as were quercetin and rutin. The results showed that anthracene and stilbene derivatives play a prominent role in the antimycobacterial properties of R. rhaponticum....(more)
Smolarz HD, et al. J AOAC Int 2013 Jan-Feb;96(1):155-60.
Related Products: Aloe-emodin
- 15. Aloin enhances cisplatin antineoplastic activity in B16-F10 melanoma cells by transglutaminase-induced differentiation.
Aloin, a natural anthracycline from aloe plant, is a hydroxyanthraquinone derivative shown to have antitumor properties. This study demonstrated that aloin exerted inhibition of cell proliferation, adhesion and invasion abilities of B16-F10 melanoma cells under non-cytotoxic concentrations. Furthermore, aloin induced melanoma cell differentiation through the enhancement of melanogenesis and transglutaminase activity. To improve the growth-inhibiting effect of anticancer agents, we found that the combined treatment of cells with aloin and low doses of cisplatin increases the antiproliferative activity of aloin. The results suggest that aloin possesses antineoplastic and antimetastatic properties, exerted likely through the induction of melanoma cell differentiation....(more)
Tabolacci C, et al. Amino Acids 2013 Jan;44(1):293-300.
Related Products: Aloin A/B
- 16. Synergic Study of α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Action of Aloin and its Antioxidant Activity with and without Camel β -Casein and its Peptides.
Regular consumption of natural antioxidants reduces the risk of developing diseases. Aloin is one of the main active phenolic components of Aloe vera. The main disadvantage of aloin is its concentration limit of use that causes cell damage. One of the aims of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of aloin in the presence and absence of camel β-casein ( β-CN) and its peptide fractions. The mixture of aloin, β-CN and peptides showed a very high antioxidant activity in a synergistic manner as compared to each component alone. The alpha ( α)-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aloin was also investigated in the presence and absence of β-CN and its peptides. Aloin alone is a potent inhibitor of α-glucosidase. The α-glucosidase inhibitory activity of aloin is reduced in the presence of β-CN or its peptides. The combination of aloin and β-CN or its peptides makes a high antioxidant functional ingredient....(more)
Ghamari F, et al. Protein Pept Lett 2013 May 1;20(5):607-12.
Related Products: Aloin A/B
- 17. Anthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (AQ2S) is a novel neurotherapeutic agent.
Anthraquinone derivatives such as emodin have recently been shown to protect in models of beta amyloid β (Aβ) and tau aggregation-induced cell death. The mechanisms of action possibly involve preconditioning effects, anti-aggregation properties, and/or enhancing the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT survival mechanism. We studied several natural (emodin, rhein, and aloin) and synthetic (AQ2S) anthraquinones, to screen for post-treatment therapeutic benefit in two models of neuronal death, namely hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and staurosporine (STS)-induced injury. Treatment with emodin, rhein, or aloin failed to reduce H(2)O(2) injury. Moreover, consistent with emodin behaving like a mild toxin, it exacerbated oxidative injury at the highest concentration used (50 μM) in our post-treatment paradigm, and potently inhibited AKT. In contrast, AQ2S was neuroprotective. It reduced H(2)O(2) injury at 50 and 75 μM. In addition, AQ2S potently inhibited staurosporine (STS)-induced injury. The mechanisms of action involve caspase inhibition and AKT activation. However, blockade of AKT signaling with LY294002 failed to abolish AQ2S-mediated protection on the STS assay. This is the first study to report that AQ2S is a new neuroprotective compound and a novel caspase inhibitor....(more)
Jackson TC, et al. Cell Death Dis 2013 Jan 10;4:e451.
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- 18. Is It Possible To Increase the Aloin Content of Aloe vera by the Use of Ultraviolet Light?
In this paper, the effects of ultraviolet (UV) treatments on the aloin content of Aloe vera L. gel have been analyzed. UV-A treatment to A. vera plants for 36 days led to an increase in the aloin concentration in gel, rind tissue, and latex, while a decrease in chlorophylls a and b occurred in the photosynthetic tissue as a consequence of UV treatment. The growth of Penicillium digitatum and Botrytis cinerea (artificially inoculated on the leaf surface) was drastically decreased in UV-A-treated leaves, which could be attributed to the increase in the aloin concentration by the UV-A treatment. In addition, UV-C treatment to detached leaves also led to an increase in the gel aloin concentration, at higher levels than occurred with UV-A treatment, although leaves showed severe lesions after 48 h of treatment....(more)
Martínez-Romero D, et al. J Agric Food Chem 2013 Feb 25.
Related Products: Aloin A/B
- 19. Microwave-assisted extraction performed in low temperature and in vacuo for the extraction of labile compounds in food samples.
In this study, low temperature vacuum microwave-assisted extraction, which simultaneous performed microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) in low temperature and in vacuo environment, was proposed. The influencing parameters including solid/liquid ratio, extraction temperature, extraction time, degree of vacuum and microwave power were discussed. The predominance of low temperature vacuum microwave-assisted extraction was investigated by comparing the extraction yields of vitamin C, β-carotene, aloin A and astaxanthin in different foods with that in MAE and solvent extraction, and 5.2-243% increments were obtained. On the other hand, the chemical kinetics of vitamin C and aloin A, which composed two different steps including the extraction step of analyte transferred from matrix into solvent and the decomposition step of analyte degraded in the extraction solvent, were proposed. All of the decomposition rates (K(2)) for the selected analyte in low temperature, in vacuo and in nitrogen atmosphere decreased significantly comparing with that in conventional MAE, which are in agreement with that obtained from experiments. Consequently, the present method was successfully applied to extract labile compound from different food samples. These results showed that low temperature and/or in vacuo environment in microwave-assisted extraction system was especially important to prevent the degradation of labile components and have good potential on the extraction of labile compound in foods, pharmaceutical and natural products....(more)
Xiao X, et al. Anal Chim Acta 2012 Jan 27;712:85-93.
Related Products: Aloin A/B
- 20. Isolation and identification of phosphate solubilizing bacteria able to enhance the growth and aloin-A biosynthesis of Aloe barbadensis Miller.
The effect of four phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) was studied on growth and aloin-A content of Aloe barbadensis in soil containing tricalcium phosphate (TCP). PSB were identified based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing as Pseudomonas synxantha, Burkholderia gladioli, Enterobacter hormaechei and Serratia marcescens. These PSB solubilized 25-340 μg ml(-1) of TCP into the liquid phase. The treatment of plants with individual PSB or mixture of these increased soil available P, P uptake in plants and plant growth. The increase in aloin-A content due to higher plant biomass and unit biomass production was 673%, 294%, 276%, 119% and 108% in plants treated with a PSB consortium, P. synxantha, S. marcescens, B. gladioli, and E. hormaechei in TCP amended soil, respectively....(more)
Gupta M, et al. Microbiol Res 2012 Jun 20;167(6):358-63.
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- 21. On the novel action of melanolysis by a leaf extract of Aloe vera and its active ingredient aloin, potent skin depigmenting agents.
The present study was carried out to investigate the effects of an Aloe vera leaf extract, along with its standard active ingredient aloin, on the isolated tail melanophores of Bufo melanostictus tadpoles, which are a type of disguised smooth muscle cells offering excellent in vitro opportunities for studying the effects of pharmacological and pharmaceutical agents. It was found that the leaf extract of A. vera and its active ingredient aloin induced powerful, dose-dependent, physiologically significant melanin aggregating effects in the isolated tail melanophores of B. melanostictus similar to those of adrenaline per se. These preliminary findings clearly demonstrate that the extract of A. vera and its active ingredient aloin cause melanin aggregation leading to skin lightening via alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation. The present study opens new vistas for the use of A. vera regarding its clinical application as a new nontoxic melanolytic agent for the treatment of hyperpigmentation....(more)
Ali SA, et al. Planta Med 2012 May;78(8):767-71.
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- 22. Selective determination of aloin in different matrices by HPTLC densitometry in fluorescence mode.
A novel method based on the fluorescence excited solely on aloin by a HBO derivatizing procedure, allowed its rapid and selective determination among the co-occurring components in a variety of complex matrices as several Aloes dried extracts and related commercial products. HPTLC LiChrospher silica gel 60 F254S, 20 cm x 10 cm, plates with ethyl formate: CHOH:HO (100:14.5:10, v/v) as the mobile phase were used. Densitometric determinations were performed in fluorescence mode, exciting wavelength 365 nm, optical filter K540 after derivatization with HBO. The method was validated giving rise to a dependable and high throughput procedure well suited to routine application. Aloin was quantified in the range of 110-330 ng with RSD of repeatability and intermediate precision not exceeding 2.3% and accuracy inside the acceptance limits....(more)
Coran SA, et al. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011 Jan 25;54(2):422-5.
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- 23. Dietary aloin, aloesin, or aloe-gel exerts anti-inflammatory activity in a rat colitis model.
AIMS:
Aloe has been a very popular folk remedy for inflammation-related pathological conditions despite the lack of studies reporting its efficacy in vivo. The present study evaluated the anti-inflammatory effects of aloe components (aloin, aloesin and aloe-gel) known to be biologically active in the rat model of colitis.
MAIN METHODS:
Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed experimental diets for 2 weeks before and during the induction of colitis. Drinking water containing 3% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) was provided for 1 week to induce colitis. At the end of the experimental period, clinical and biochemical markers were compared.
KEY FINDINGS:
Plasma leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations were significantly decreased in all groups supplemented with aloe components compared to the colitis control group (p<0.05). Animals fed both a 0.1% and 0.5% aloesin supplemented diet showed colonic myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities which were decreased by 32.2% and 40.1%, respectively (p<0.05). Colonic mucosa TNF-α and interleukin-1ß (IL-1β) mRNA expressions were significantly reduced in all animals fed aloin, aloesin, or aloe-gel (p<0.05).
SIGNIFICANCE:
Dietary supplementation of aloe components ameliorates intestinal inflammatory responses in a DSS-induced ulcerative colitis rat model. In particular, aloesin was the most potent inhibitor. Further studies are required for a more complete understanding of the specific mechanism of the action of these supplements.
Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved....(more)
Park MY, et al. Life Sci 2011 Mar 14;88(11-12):486-92.
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- 24. [The protective effects of sodium selenite and aloin against ultraviolet A radiation].
OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the protective effects of sodium selenite and aloin against ultraviolet A (UVA) radiation on the dermal fibroblasts including the suppression of proliferation, oxidative damage and collagen synthesis.
METHODS:
Human dermal fibroblasts were divided into the negative control group, the positive control UVA radiation group, the sodium selenite treatment plus UVA radiation group and the aloin treatment plus UVA radiation group, which were incubated with sodium selenite or aloin and irradiated with 5 J/cm2 UVA respectively. The MTT spectrophotometry and biochemical assay were used to determine the proliferation, collagen level and the SOD and GSH-Px activity of the fibroblast cells after radiation.
RESULTS:
5 J/cm2 UVA affect the proliferation, collage protein, SOD and GSH-Px activity in the fibroblast cells (P < 0.05). Sodium selenite (10-100 microg/L) and aloin (1-100 mg/L) could enhance the proliferation and the SOD and GSH-Px activity. A increased collagen synthesis in dose dependant manner was also observed (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION:
Sodium selenite and aloin in a certain range of concentration have protective effects on ultraviolet radiation induced fibroblast proliferation inhibition, oxidative injury, and decreased collagen synthesis....(more)
Guo Y, et al. Sichuan Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban 2011 Jan;42(1):61-4, 118. Chinese.
Related Products: Aloin A/B
- 25. Updates on naringinase: structural and biotechnological aspects.
Naringinases has attracted a great deal of attention in recent years due to its hydrolytic activities which include the production of rhamnose, and prunin and debittering of citrus fruit juices. While this enzyme is widely distributed in fungi, its production from bacterial sources is less commonly known. Fungal naringinase are very important as they are used industrially in large amounts and have been extensively studied during the past decade. In this article, production of bacterial naringinase and potential biotechnological applications are discussed. Bacterial rhamnosidases are exotype enzymes that hydrolyse terminal non-reducing α-L-rhamnosyl groups from α-L-rhamnose containing polysaccharides and glycosides. Structurally, they are classified into family 78 of glycoside hydrolases and characterized by the presence of Asp567 and Glu841 in their active site. Optimization of fermentation conditions and enzyme engineering will allow the development of improved rhamnosidases for advancing suggested industrial applications....(more)
Puri M. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012 Jan;93(1):49-60.
Related Products: Alpha-L-Rhamnose
- 26. Studies on the conformational flexibility of α-L-rhamnose-containing oligosaccharides using 13C-site-specific labeling, NMR spectroscopy and molecular simulations: implications for the three-dimensional structure of bacterial rhamnan polysaccharides
Bacterial polysaccharides are comprised of a variety of monosaccharides, L-rhamnose (6-deoxy-L-mannose) being one of them. This sugar is often part of α-(1 → 2)- and/or α-(1 → 3)-linkages and we have therefore studied the disaccharide α-L-Rhap-(1 → 2)-α-L-Rhap-OMe to obtain information on conformational preferences at this glycosidic linkage. The target disaccharide was synthesized with (13)C site-specific labeling at C1' and at C2', i.e., in the terminal group. 2D (1)H,(13)C-HSQC-HECADE and (1)H,(13)C-J-HMBC NMR experiments, 1D (13)C and (1)H NMR spectra together with total line-shape analysis were used to extract conformationally dependent hetero- and homonuclear spin-spin coupling constants. This resulted in the determination of (2)J(C2',H1'), (3)J(C1',C1), (3)J(C1',C3), (3)J(C2',C2), (2)J(C1',C2), (1)J(C1',C2'), and (1)J(C1',H1'). These data together with previously determined J(CH) and (1)H,(1)H NOEs result in fourteen conformationally dependent NMR parameters that are available for analysis of glycosidic linkage flexibility and conformational preferences. A 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of the disaccharide with explicit water molecules as solvent showed a major conformational state at φ(H)≈ 40° and ψ(H)≈-35°, consistent with experimental NMR data. In addition, MD simulations were carried out also for α-L-Rhap-(1 → 3)-α-L-Rhap-OMe and a rhamnan hexasaccharide. The gathered information on the oligosaccharides was used to address conformational preferences for a larger structure, a 2- and 3-linked nonasaccharide, with implications for the 3D structure of rhamnan polysaccharides, which should be regarded as flexible polymers....(more)
Jonsson KH, et al. Org Biomol Chem 2012 Mar 28;10(12):2453-63.
Related Products: Alpha-L-Rhamnose
- 27. Preparation, structure and anticoagulant activity of a low molecular weight fraction produced by mild acid hydrolysis of sulfated rhamnan from Monostroma latissimum.
A low molecular weight fraction, designated LMWP, was prepared by mild acid hydrolysis of sulfated rhamnan from Monostroma latissimum and purified by anion-exchange and gel-permeation chromatography. Chemical and spectroscopic analyses showed that LMWP was mainly composed of rhamnose, and its molecular weight was about 33.6 kDa. The backbone of LMWP consists of 1,3-linked α-L-rhamnose units with partially sulfate groups at the C-2 position. Approximately 25% of 1,3-linked α-L-rhamnose units is substituted at C-2 by sulfated or non-sulfated 1,3-linked α-L-rhamnose and 1,2-linked α-L-rhamnose units. LMWP effectively prolonged clotting time as evaluated by the activated partial thromboplastin time assay and was a potent thrombin inhibitor mediated by heparin cofactor II. The investigation demonstrated that LMWP is a novel sulfated polysaccharide with anticoagulant activity....(more)
Li H, et al. Bioresour Technol 2012 Jun;114:414-8.
Related Products: Alpha-L-Rhamnose
- 28. Mandelalides A-D, cytotoxic macrolides from a new Lissoclinum species of South African tunicate.
Mandelalides A-D are variously glycosylated, unusual polyketide macrolides isolated from a new species of Lissoclinum ascidian collected from South Africa, Algoa Bay near Port Elizabeth and the surrounding Nelson Mandela Metropole. Their planar structures were elucidated on submilligram samples by comprehensive analysis of 1D and 2D NMR data, supported by mass spectrometry. The assignment of relative configuration was accomplished by consideration of homonuclear and heteronuclear coupling constants in tandem with ROESY data. The absolute configuration was assigned for mandelalide A after chiral GC-MS analysis of the hydrolyzed monosaccharide (2-O-methyl-α-L-rhamnose) and consideration of ROESY correlations between the monosaccharide and aglycone in the intact natural product. The resultant absolute configuration of the mandelalide A macrolide was extrapolated to propose the absolute configurations of mandelalides B-D. Remarkably, mandelalide B contained the C-4' epimeric 2-O-methyl-6-dehydro-α-L-talose. Mandelalides A and B showed potent cytotoxicity to human NCI-H460 lung cancer cells (IC(50), 12 and 44 nM, respectively) and mouse Neuro-2A neuroblastoma cells (IC(50), 29 and 84 nM, respectively)....(more)
Sikorska J, et al. J Org Chem 2012 Jul 20;77(14):6066-75.
Related Products: Alpha-L-Rhamnose
- 29. Lateral gene transfer between the Bacteroidetes and Acidobacteria: the case of α-L-rhamnosidases.
α-L-Rhamnosidases catalyze the hydrolysis of the terminal α-L-rhamnose residues in various carbohydrates. The catalytic domains in most of these enzymes belong to the families GH78 and GH106 of glycoside hydrolases. In this study, we show that almost all genes encoding the GH78- and GH106-containing proteins from members of the poorly characterized bacterial phylum Acidobacteria originated from precursors belonging to the phylum Bacteroidetes. Members of the Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes display similar functional capabilities and specialize on degradation of plant-derived organic matter. Several proposed lateral gene transfers between the Acidobacteria and Bacteroidetes occurred presumably during specialization of these bacteria for their environments....(more)
Naumoff DG, et al. FEBS Lett 2012 Nov 2;586(21):3843-51.
Related Products: Alpha-L-Rhamnose
- 30. Synthesis and anti-fungal activity of seven oleanolic acid glycosides.
In order to develop potential anti-fungal agents, seven glycoconjugates composed of α-L-rhamnose, 6-deoxy-α-L-talose, β-D-galactose, α-D-mannose, β-D-xylose-(1→4)-6-deoxy-α-L-talose, β-D-galactose-(1→4)-α-L-rhamnose, β-D-galactose-(1→3)-β-D-xylose-(1→4)-6-deoxy-α-L-talose as the glycone and oleanolic acid as the aglycone were synthesized in an efficient and practical way using glycosyl trichloroacetimidates as donors. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by MS, ¹H-NMR and ¹³C-NMR.Preliminary studies based on means of mycelium growth rate, indicated that all the compounds possess certain fungicidal activity against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary, Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn, Botrytis cinerea Pers and Phytophthora parasitica Dast....(more)
Zhao H, et al. Molecules 2011 Jan 26;16(2):1113-28.
Related Products: Alpha-L-Rhamnose
- 31. Triterpenoid saponins from Symplocos lancifolia.
Three new bidesmosidic saponins (1-3) and a new ursane triterpenoid, 2α,3β,11α,23-tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid (4), along with seven known compounds, were isolated from a methanolic extract of the leaves of Symplocos lancifolia. The bidesmosidic saponins were found to possess the same sugar unit part, composed of two β-d-glucose moieties and one α-l-rhamnose moiety, linked to maslinic acid, arjunolic acid, and asiatic acid, respectively. Their structures were elucidated by interpretation of their 1D and 2D NMR spectra and completed by analysis of the HRESIMS data. The antibacterial activity of the isolated triterpenoids was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and several showed activity against Gram-positive bacteria....(more)
Acebey-Castellon IL, et al. J Nat Prod 2011 Feb 25;74(2):163-8.
Related Products: Alpha-L-Rhamnose
- 32. C5'-Alkyl Substitution Effects on Digitoxigenin α-l-Glycoside Cancer Cytotoxicity.
A highly regio- and stereo-selective asymmetric synthesis of various C5'-alkyl side chains of rhamnosyl- and amicetosyl-digitoxigenin analogs has been established via palladium-catalyzed glycosylation with post-glycosylated dihydroxylation or diimide reduction. The C5'-methyl group in both α-l-rhamnose and α-l-amicetose digitoxin analogs displayed a steric directed apoptosis induction and tumor growth inhibition against non-small cell human lung cancer cells (NCI-H460). The anti-tumor activity is significantly reduced when the steric hindrance is increased at C5'-stereocenter....(more)
Wang HY, et al. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011 Apr 14;2(4):259-263.
Related Products: Alpha-L-Rhamnose
- 33. Stereochemical survey of digitoxin monosaccharides: new anticancer analogues with enhanced apoptotic activity and growth inhibitory effect on human non-small cell lung cancer cell.
A stereochemically diverse array of monosaccharide analogues of the trisaccharide based cardiac glycoside natural product digitoxin has been synthesized using a de novo asymmetric approach. The analogues were tested for cytotoxicity against the NCI panel of 60 human cancer cell lines and in more detail against non-small cell human lung cancer cells (NCI-H460). The results were compared with digitoxin and its aglycone digitoxigenin. Three novel digitoxin monosaccharide analogues with β-d-digitoxose, α-l-rhamnose, and α-l-amicetose sugar moieties showed excellent selectivity and activity. Further investigation revealed that digitoxin α-l-rhamnose and α-l-amicetose analogues displayed similar anti-proliferation effects, but with at least 5-fold greater potency in apoptosis induction than digitoxin against NCI-H460. This study demonstrates the ability to improve the digitoxin anti-cancer activity by modification of the stereochemistry and substitution of the carbohydrate moiety of this known cardiac drug....(more)
Wang HY, et al. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011 Jan 13;2(1):73-78.
Related Products: Alpha-L-Rhamnose
- 34. Synthesis and Evaluation of the α-D-/α-L-Rhamnosyl and Amicetosyl Digitoxigenin Oligomers as Anti-tumor Agents.
A highly regio- and stereo-selective asymmetric synthesis of rhamnosyl- and amicetosyl-digitoxigenin analogues has been established via palladium-catalyzed glycosylation followed by bis-/tris-dihydroxylation or bis-/tris-diimide reduction. The α-l-rhamnose and α-l-amicetose digitoxin monosaccharide analogues displayed stronger apoptosis inducing activity and cytotoxicity against non-small cell human lung cancer cells (NCI-H460) than its d-diastereomeric isomers in a sugar-chain length dependent manner....(more)
Wang HY, et al. ACS Med Chem Lett 2011 Apr 14;2(4):264-269.
Related Products: Alpha-L-Rhamnose
- 35. Biotransformation and metabolic profile of American ginseng saponins with human intestinal microflora by liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.
American ginseng is a widely used natural product. Ginseng products are usually taken orally, and human intestinal microflora may metabolize ginsenosides. Existing publications report the metabolite fates of ginsenosides. However, investigations on the comprehensive metabolic profile of American ginseng extract are absent because of the chemical complexity and limitation of analytical methods. In this work, we studied the biotransformation and metabolic profile of American ginseng extract by human intestinal microflora. Human fecal microflora was prepared from a healthy Chinese man and then anaerobically incubated with American ginseng sample at 37 °C for 24 h. A rapid and simple liquid-liquid extraction method was used for sample pretreatment. A highly sensitive and selective liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS) method was used to characterize ginsenosides and related metabolites in the reaction samples. The LC-Q-TOF-MS provides superior data quality and advanced analytical capabilities for profiling, identifying, and characterizing complex metabolites in matrix-based biological samples. A total of 25 metabolites were detected, 13 of which were undoubtedly assigned by comparison with reference compounds, and 12 others were tentatively identified. The three most abundant metabolites are 20S-ginsenoside Rg3, ginsenoside F2 and compound K. The main metabolic pathways of ginseng saponins are deglycosylation reactions by intestinal microflora through stepwise cleavage of sugar moieties. Subsequent dehydration reactions also occur. Protopanaxadiol- and oleanane-type triterpenoids are easy to metabolize. The intestinal microbiota may play an important role in mediating the metabolism bioactivity of American ginseng....(more)
Wan JY, et al. J Chromatogr A 2013 Apr 19;1286:83-92.
Related Products: American Ginseng Extract